scholarly journals The Diet of Foxes and the Availability of Anthropogenic Food on Prince Edward Island, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. p16
Author(s):  
Marina Silva-Opps ◽  
Whitney Kelly-Clark ◽  
Sheldon Opps

It has been postulated that red foxes (Vulpesvulpes) inhabiting Prince Edward Island National Park (Canada) make very little use of natural food sources and that anthropogenic food play an integral part in their diet. The use of anthropogenic food sources has also been associated with an increased number of fatal fox vehicle-collisions in the park. The main goal of this study was to examine the composition of the diet of foxes inhabiting Prince Edward Island National Park and to compare this diet with foxes found in other areas of the island. In particular, we examined the importance of anthropogenic food items in foxes inhabiting the national park. We analyzed 38 stomachs from foxes killed by trappers or vehiclesduring late fall and early winter within and outside the national park. Our results showed that rodents and vegetation were the most common food items present in fox stomachs whether the animals were obtained from within or outside the park. Values of coefficient of variation of food items found in fox stomachs indicated a great diversity in diet composition. However, only six stomachs contained anthropogenic food items. Stomachs of foxes killed by vehicles contained twice the amount of anthropogenic food items than those that were collected from trappers. Overall, our findings indicate that anthropogenic food items are only a minor component in the diet of foxes occurring within the park, at least during the period of time examined in this study. Future studies should examine diet composition during other seasons when the quantity and quality of anthropogenic food sources is different. 

Author(s):  
Hana Šuláková

Diets of the raccoon dog and badger were studied in the Landscape Protected Area (LPA) Litovelské Pomoraví from 2000 to 2001 by collecting faeces from latrines during March – December every year. The relative volume and frequency occurrence of each food item in the feaces were calculated. Vertebrates and invertebrates constituted the bulk of the raccoon dog diet, while plants and invertebrates were most frequently eaten by the badger. Insecta and Rodentia were important to the raccoon dog, but it also consumed other food items. The raccoon dog was more omnivorous that the badger. Badger fed very frequently on plant material, raccoon dog, instead, frequently ate insects, especially beetles. In conclusion, the diet of the raccoon dog overlaps largely with that of badger, and some competition for food may occur between these species in the LPA Litovelské Pomoraví; however, their preferred food sources differ to some extent, which helps them to avoid competition.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia L. Volpe ◽  
Bettina Thalinger ◽  
Elisabet Vilacoba ◽  
Thomas W.A. Braukmann ◽  
Adrián S. Di Giacomo ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTOver the last two centuries, the Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) has become locally extinct in Argentina. In an attempt to restore its key ecosystem functions as both disperser and regulator of large-seeded plants, a reintroduction project was initiated at the Iberá National Park in northeastern Argentina. The ability of released individuals to find food is crucial, in particular when working with captive-bred animals, as long-term establishment of a self-sustaining population depends on their short-term ability to exploit wild food sources. Monitoring of feeding habits is usually conducted through behavioral observation, but in recent years DNA metabarcoding has emerged as an alternative for obtaining highly resolved data on diet composition. In this study we use a combination of both techniques to characterize the breadth and composition of the reintroduced macaws’ diet. In addition, we evaluate the efficiency of both direct field observations and metabarcoding of feces as techniques to assess diet composition. Individuals fed on a variety of plant species (n = 49) belonging to a broad phylogenetic spectrum (28 families). Dietary richness estimated by direct observation and metabarcoding was similar, though smaller than the combination of the two datasets as both techniques detected at least 15 species not recorded by the other method. While the total number of detected species was higher for observational data, the rate of species-detection per sampling day was higher for metabarcoding. These results suggest that a combination of both methods is required in order to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a species. The ability of the reintroduced macaws to successfully exploit local food resources throughout the year indicates a good level of adjustment to the release site, an important step towards the creation of a stable, self-sustaining population of Red-and-green Macaws in Northern Argentina.RESUMENEn el transcurso de los últimos dos siglos, el Guacamayo Rojo (Ara chloropterus) se ha extinguido en la Argentina. Buscando recuperar su rol ecológico tanto de dispersor como de depredador de semillas de gran tamaño, se comenzó un proyecto de reintroducción de la especie en el Parque Nacional Iberá, en la región noreste del país. La capacidad para encontrar alimento por parte de los individuos liberados es crucial, particularmente cuando se trabaja con animales provenientes de condiciones de cautiverio, ya que el establecimiento de una población autosuficiente a largo plazo dependerá de la habilidad de éstos para explotar fuentes de alimento silvestre a corto plazo. El monitoreo de hábitos alimenticios se realiza usualmente a través de observaciones comportamentales. Sin embargo, en los últimos años la técnica del meta-código de barras de ADN ha surgido como una alternativa para la obtención de datos de composición dietaria con alto nivel de resolución. En este estudio, utilizamos una combinación de ambas técnicas para caracterizar la amplitud y composición de la dieta de los guacamayos reintroducidos. A su vez, evaluamos la eficiencia de la observación directa y el código de barras genético de heces como técnicas para evaluar la composición de la dieta. Los individuos se alimentaron de una amplia variedad de especies (n = 49), abarcando un amplio espectro filogenético (28 familias). La riqueza dietaria estimada por observación directa y por meta-código de barras genético fue similar, aunque menor a la resultante de la combinación de todos los datos ya que ambas técnicas detectaron al menos 15 especies no registradas por el otro método. Mientras que el número total de especies detectadas fue mayor para los métodos observacionales, la tasa de detección de especies por día de muestreo fue mayor para el análisis genético. Estos resultados sugieren que una combinación de ambos métodos es necesaria para obtener la descripción más precisa posible de la diversidad dietaria total de una especie. La capacidad de los guacamayos reintroducidos para explotar recursos alimenticios locales a lo largo del año estaría indicando un buen nivel de adaptación al sitio de liberación, un paso muy importante hacia el establecimiento de una población de Guacamayo Rojo estable y autosuficiente en el norte de Argentina.Palabras claveAra chloropterus, Conservación, Dieta, Frugivoría, Meta-código de barras, Guacamayo Rojo, Reintroducción, Ecología tróficaLAY SUMMARYThe Red-and-green Macaw reintroduction project aims to restore this species to Argentina, where it is locally extinct. To assess if reintroduced macaws are successfully adapting to life in the wild, we studied their foraging habits at the Iberá National Park. Their food consumption was observed visually, and their feces were analyzed with molecular methods for traces of the consumed plants.Macaws fed from a large diversity of food items, exhibiting a flexible diet which varied with fruit availability in different months. A combination of both methods was required to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a species.The reintroduced macaws were able to successfully locate and exploit food resources throughout the year, indicating a good level of adjustment to the release site.


2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Dawson ◽  
Heather M. Crawford ◽  
Robert M. Huston ◽  
Peter J. Adams ◽  
Patricia A. Fleming

Context Predation is one of the key contributors to mortality in freshwater turtles. Confirming the identity of predators is an important step towards conservation management action. Throughout Australia, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is suspected to apply significant and unsustainable predation pressure to turtle populations, killing adults and depredating nests; however methods for confirming this are limited. Aims The present study used a range of methods to confirm predation of oblong turtle (Chelodina colliei) nests and adults by the introduced red fox. Methods First, depredated adult carapaces, and turtle egg-shell fragments from excavated nests were swabbed and analysed for trace DNA. Second, we used artificial turtle nests, monitored by camera traps, to analyse seasonal changes in the behaviour of foxes around sites where turtle nests are present, including over the nesting season. Last, we used scat analysis to identify the prevalence of turtle remains in fox diet. Key results Predominantly fox DNA was recovered from both adult carapaces and depredated eggs. In addition, camera traps recorded only foxes depredating artificial nests. Despite this evidence that foxes kill adults and excavated nests, we found that turtle remains were only a small part of the diet of foxes at this study site (hatchling or turtle egg shell were present in only 4% of 230 scats sampled). The diet of these foxes was largely anthropogenic-sourced foods, such as fruit (e.g. figs, grapes, melons; 81% of scats), sheep carrion (41%) and rodents (36%). Conclusions We conclude that DNA analysis, camera trapping and scat analysis are effective methods of identifying foxes as predators of adult turtle, and their nests. Furthermore, we found that anthropogenic foods (orchard crops, livestock or synanthropic species) may subsidise greater fox population size than might occur in their absence, thereby increasing potential pressure on these freshwater turtles. Implications Our findings give credence to the argument that foxes are effective predators of turtle adults and nests. In addition, the high proportion of anthropogenic food sources in the diet of foxes, and potential subsidisation, is an important consideration for land managers.


2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tad C. Theimer ◽  
Anthony C. Clayton ◽  
Alexa Martinez ◽  
Damon L. Peterson ◽  
David L. Bergman

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Restani ◽  
John M. Marzluff ◽  
Richard E. Yates

Abstract We investigated survivorship, movements, and sociality of Common Ravens (Corvus corax) exploiting concentrated food resources at a landfill in Greenland. From 1992–1995 we banded 383 ravens: 365 were captured at the landfill and 18 were banded in nearby nests. Thirty-nine ravens were recovered, most by shooting (87%). Mean number of days survived post-banding (494 ± 97) did not differ among age groups, but a higher proportion of juveniles was recovered. Ravens migrated west and south to the coast during winter. No difference existed among age groups in mean distance between locations of banding and recovery (151 ± 31 km). Number of ravens congregating at the landfill declined during the study, coinciding with a decrease in the local human population. Harsh winter climate, limited ice-free land, and abundant human refuse influenced raven use of the wilderness landscape by facilitating the formation of large, nomadic foraging groups.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Atle Mysterud ◽  
Isa Nergård Skjelbostad ◽  
Inger Maren Rivrud ◽  
Øystein Brekkum ◽  
Erling L. Meisingset

Herbivores like cervids usually graze on widely scattered forage, but anthropogenic food sources may cause spatial revisitation and aggregation, posing a risk for transmission of infectious diseases. In 2016, chronic wasting disease (CWD) was first detected in Norway. A legal regulation to ban supplemental feeding of cervids and to fence stored hay bales was implemented to lower aggregation of cervids. Knowledge of further patterns and causes of spatial revisitation can inform disease management. We used a recently developed revisitation analysis on GPS-positions from 13 red deer (Cervus elaphus) to identify the pattern of spatial clustering, and we visited 185 spatial clusters during winter to identify the causes of clustering. Anthropogenic food sources were found in 11.9% of spatial clusters, which represented 31.0% of the clusters in agricultural fields. Dumping of silage and hay bales were the main anthropogenic food sources (apart from agricultural fields), and unfenced hay bales were available despite the regulation. The probability of the clusters being in agricultural fields was high during winter. It may be necessary to find other ways of disposing of silage and enforcing the requirement of fencing around hay bales to ensure compliance, in particular during winters with deep snow.


2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Silva ◽  
Karen Johnson ◽  
Sheldon Opps

AbstractThere is a lack of information regarding the ecology and behaviour of red foxes that can be used to elaborate effective management programs for this species on Prince Edward Island (Canada). The main goal of this study was to provide baseline information on habitat selection and home range size of red foxes on Prince Edward Island. Data were collected from snow-tracking and radio-telemetry sessions conducted in two study sites (including one site within Prince Edward Island National Park). Our results indicated that red foxes selected for roads and human-use areas during both the breeding and the kit-rearing seasons in the park. Outside the park, however, the data failed to conclusively show that foxes have a unique preference for human-use habitats or roads. Forests were selected against in both study sites. Although roads are frequently visited by foxes during the kit-rearing season in the park, each individual fox typically stays in this habitat only for short periods of time (< 15 min). This finding suggests that foraging efficiency along the roads is very high possibly reflecting the abundance of anthropogenic food sources. Overall, we present the largest amount of data on habitat selection ever collected for red foxes in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Our results show that food sources in human-use areas and roads are altering the selection and/or use of habitats of red foxes in some areas of Prince Edward Island.


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