ENTOMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN MOULAY YAACOUB, LEISHMANIASIS FOCUS IN THE CENTR OF MOROCCO

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
North Central ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Cutaneous Form

Objective: In Morocco leishmaniasis represent entities of great clinical and epidemiological diversity and thus constitute a public health problem. The area of Moulay Yaâcoub, North central of Morocco. This study was conducted in all localities of the province of Moulay Yaâcoub to understand the epidemiology and spatial distribution of sandflies in this region. Nine among eleven localities of the province of Moulay Yaâcoub have never been studied and the phlebotomy fauna of the region remains unknown until now. Methods: Trapping was done using sticky traps once a month during the period of activity of sandfly from April to October. Results: A total of 3287 specimens of sandflies were collected. 8 species belonging to two genera Phlebotomus (94.3%) and Sergentomyia (5.7%). The study of sex ratio showed an advantage of males to females for all species. However, for the species S. falax, S. antennata, S. minuta we have not collected females. The highest sex ratio was determined for Ph. Perniciosus and lowest among S. dreyfussi. The results show a difference in the distribution of species between different localities. Conclusion: it was possible to distinguish two major entities; a dominant sub-genre Phlebotomus and Paraphlébotomus, responsible for the cutaneous form in the center and northwest of the province, and a sub-genre dominated Larroussius entity responsible for the visceral form the northeast of the province with a small entity in the south-eastern province. The results of this study will help undoubtedly health authorities to establish appropriate monitoring and anti-vectorial control measures.

scholarly journals Associations between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and trachoma clustering at aggregate spatial scales, Amhara, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Forest M. Altherr ◽  
Andrew W. Nute ◽  
Mulat Zerihun ◽  
Eshetu Sata ◽  
Aisha E. P. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Weighted Estimates ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Abstract Background Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness globally. The WHO has recommended the SAFE (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvements) strategy to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. The F and E arms of the strategy will likely be important for sustained disease reductions, yet more evidence is needed detailing relationships between hygiene, sanitation and trachoma in areas with differing endemicity. This study addressed whether the regional differences in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) variables were associated with the spatial distribution of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) among children aged 1 to 9 years in the Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia. Methods Data from 152 multi-stage cluster random trachoma surveys were used to understand the degree of clustering of trachoma on two spatial scales (district and village) in Amhara using a geographical information system and the Getis-Ord Gi* (d) statistic for local clustering. Trained and certified graders examined children for the clinical signs of trachoma using the WHO simplified system. Socio-demographic, community, and geoclimatic factors thought to promote the clustering of the disease were included as covariates in a logistic regression model. Results The mean district prevalence of TF among children aged 1 to 9 years in Amhara was 25.1% (standard deviation = 16.2%). The spatial distribution of TF was found to exhibit global spatial dependency with neighboring evaluation units at both district and village level. Specific clusters of high TF were identified at both the district and the village scale of analysis using weighted estimates of the prevalence of the disease. Increased prevalence of children without nasal and ocular discharge as well as increased prevalence of households with access to a water source within 30 minutes were statistically significantly negatively associated with clusters of high TF prevalence. Conclusions Water access and facial cleanliness were important factors in the clustering of trachoma within this hyperendemic region. Intensified promotion of structural and behavioral interventions to increase WASH coverage may be necessary to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem in Amhara and perhaps other hyper-endemic settings.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal distribution and associated factors of anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis based on the EDHS 2005–2016

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e045544
Author(s):  
Samuel Hailegebreal ◽  
Araya Mesfin Nigatu ◽  
Zeleke Abebaw Mekonnen ◽  
Berhanu Fikadie Endehabtu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Spatio Temporal

ObjectivesAnaemia is a global public health problem with major health and socioeconomic consequences. Though childhood anaemia is a major public health problem in Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the spatio-temporal variability of childhood anaemia over time in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the spatio-temporal distribution and associated factors of childhood anaemia using the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data from 2005 to 2016.DesignSurvey-based cross-sectional study design was employed for the EDHS.SettingData were collected in all nine regions and two city administrations of Ethiopia in 2005, 2011 and 2016.ParticipantsThe source population for this study was all children in Ethiopia aged 6–59 months. A total of 21 302 children aged 6–59 months were included in this study.Outcome measureThe outcome variable was child anaemia status.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia declined from 53.9% in 2005 to 44.6% in 2011, but it showed an increase in 2016 to 57.6%. The spatial analysis revealed that the spatial distribution of anaemia varied across the regions. The spatial scan statistics analysis indicated a total of 22 clusters (relative risk (RR)=1.5, p<0.01) in 2005, 180 clusters (RR=1.4, p<0.01) in 2011 and 219 clusters (RR=1.4, p<0. 0.01) in 2016, significant primary clusters were identified. The child’s age, mother’s age, maternal anaemia status, wealth index, birth order, fever, stunting, wasting status and region were significant predictors of childhood anaemia.ConclusionsIn this study, childhood anaemia remains a public health problem. The spatial distribution of childhood anaemia varied significantly across the country. Individual-level and community-level factors were associated with childhood anaemia. Therefore, in regions with a high risk of childhood anaemia, individual-level and community-level factors should be intensified by allocating additional resources and providing appropriate and tailored strategies.

scholarly journals Zika virus epidemiology: from Uganda to world pandemic, an update

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Talero-Gutiérrez ◽  
A. Rivera-Molina ◽  
C. Pérez-Pavajeau ◽  
I. Ossa-Ospina ◽  
C. Santos-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Zikv Infection

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) infection is an emergent worldwide public health problem. Historically, 84 countries have reported vector-borne ZIKV transmission, 61 of which report on-going transmission. It is a Flavivirus transmitted through arthropods belonging to the Aedes genus. Since 2015, ZIKV infections have increased dramatically; with 1.3 million people infected during 2015 in Brazil alone. This paper's objective is to highlight the conjectural epidemiological points of the virus’ dissemination. The digital archives Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched for papers that assessed aspects of ZIKV transmission and epidemiology. The first isolation occurred in Uganda in 1947. Since then, important outbreaks were documented globally. Consequently, an emergent public health problem arose from a rapidly increasing incidence and its association with the development of neurological diseases such as microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Key factors in the successful containment of outbreaks include surveillance of mosquitos in the neighbourhood, an early mosquito control treatment, an assertive information campaign, and the involvement of the local population and healthcare workers. As such, while ZIKV seems to be spreading globally in a similar manner to other arboviruses, such as Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, it can also be rapidly contained due to the pre-existing availability of necessary resources and regulatory tools as control measures. This review aims to provide a description of those characteristics of ZIKV infection that may be useful in the construction of effective outbreak control strategies.

scholarly journals Environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul state: a serious public health problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e132007
Author(s):  
Gabriela De Almeida Capella ◽  
Natália Berne Pinto ◽  
Soliane Carra Perera ◽  
Claudia Giordani ◽  
Micaele Quintana de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Vulnerable Community

vulnerability. The fact that these people share the environment with animals promotes the establishment of zoonotic parasitic infections, as well as the resultant parasitic cycles. Thus, parasites present in the environment must be identified, so that control measures can be recommended. In this context, this study’s objective was to evaluate environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 100 soil samples collected from the community were processed by a sodium dichromate centrifuge-flotation technique and analyzed by a compound microscope (40X objective) for the identification of parasite eggs, oocysts and cysts. All points were positive for two or more parasites, with the identification of 33.59% non-identified coccidian oocysts, Strongylida (25.4%), Ascaridida (21.31%), Trichuris spp. (8.19%), Toxocara spp. (3.27%), Amoebas (4.08%), Dioctophyma renale (2.45%), and Giardia spp. (1.63%). The presence of parasitic forms in all points analyzed surpasses other studies of environmental contamination carried out in the southern region of Brazil. In addition, the identification of several parasitic forms with zoonotic potential is concerning, since it shows the possibility of parasitic transmission to humans and other animals. In view of the results, the conclusion is that the environment analyzed is contaminated by parasitic forms, constituting a serious public health problem. Therefore, implementing educational and preventive measures in the community to control parasites is of crucial importance.

scholarly journals Factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths infection in Benin: Findings from the DeWorm3 study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009646
Author(s):  
Euripide F. G. A. Avokpaho ◽  
Parfait Houngbégnon ◽  
Manfred Accrombessi ◽  
Eloïc Atindégla ◽  
Elodie Yard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
Factors Associated

Background Despite several years of school-based MDA implementation, STH infections remain an important public health problem in Benin, with a country-wide prevalence of 20% in 2015. The DeWorm3 study is designed to assess the feasibility of using community-based MDA with albendazole to interrupt the transmission of STH, through a series of cluster-randomized trials in Benin, India and Malawi. We used the pre-treatment baseline survey data to describe and analyze the factors associated with STH infection in Comé, the study site of the DeWorm3 project in Benin. These data will improve understanding of the challenges that need to be addressed in order to eliminate STH as a public health problem in Benin. Methods Between March and April 2018, the prevalence of STH (hookworm spp., Ascaris and Trichuris trichiura) was assessed by Kato-Katz in stool samples collected from 6,153 residents in the community of Comé, Benin using a stratified random sampling procedure. A standardized survey questionnaire was used to collect information from individual households concerning factors potentially associated with the presence and intensity of STH infections in pre-school (PSAC, aged 1–4), school-aged children (SAC, aged 5–14) and adults (aged 15 and above). Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to assess associations between these factors and STH infection. Results The overall prevalence of STH infection was 5.3%; 3.2% hookworm spp., 2.1% Ascaris lumbricoides and 0.1% Trichuris. Hookworm spp. were more prevalent in adults than in SAC (4.4% versus 2.0%, respectively; p = 0.0001) and PSAC (4.4% versus 1.0%, respectively; p<0.0001), whilst Ascaris lumbricoides was more prevalent in SAC than in adults (3.0% versus 1.7%, respectively; p = 0.004). Being PSAC (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 0.2, p< 0.001; adjusted Infection Intensity Ratio (aIIR) = 0.1, p<0.001) or SAC (aOR = 0.5, p = 0.008; aIIR = 0.3, p = 0.01), being a female (aOR = 0.6, p = 0.004; aIIR = 0.3, p = 0.001), and having received deworming treatment the previous year (aOR = 0.4, p< 0.002; aIIR = 0.2, p<0.001) were associated with a lower prevalence and intensity of hookworm infection. Lower income (lowest quintile: aOR = 5.0, p<0.001, 2nd quintile aOR = 3.6, p = 0.001 and 3rd quintile aOR = 2.5, p = 0.02), being a farmer (aOR = 1.8, p = 0.02), medium population density (aOR = 2.6, p = 0.01), and open defecation (aOR = 0.5, p = 0.04) were associated with a higher prevalence of hookworm infection. Lower education—no education, primary or secondary school- (aIIR = 40.1, p = 0.01; aIIR = 30.9, p = 0.02; aIIR = 19.3, p = 0.04, respectively), farming (aIIR = 3.9, p = 0.002), natural flooring (aIIR = 0.2, p = 0.06), peri-urban settings (aIIR = 6.2, 95%CI 1.82–20.90, p = 0.003), and unimproved water source more than 30 minutes from the household (aIIR = 13.5, p = 0.02) were associated with a higher intensity of hookworm infection. Improved and unshared toilet was associated with lower intensity of hookworm infections (aIIR = 0.2, p = 0.01). SAC had a higher odds of Ascaris lumbricoides infection than adults (aOR = 2.0, p = 0.01) and females had a lower odds of infection (aOR = 0.5, p = 0.02). Conclusion Hookworm spp. are the most prevalent STH in Comé, with a persistent reservoir in adults that is not addressed by current control measures based on school MDA. Expanding MDA to target adults and PSAC is necessary to substantially impact population prevalence, particularly for hookworm. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03014167.

Kindesmisshandlung und deren Langzeitfolgen – Analyse einer repräsentativen deutschen Stichprobe

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Witt ◽  
Rebecca Brown ◽  
Paul L. Plener ◽  
Elmar Brähler ◽  
Jörg M. Fegert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Nachhaltige Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung. Kindesmisshandlung stellt einen bedeutenden Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung dar. Einzelne Formen von Kindesmisshandlung treten häufig nicht isoliert auf, sondern das gemeinsame Auftreten verschiedener Formen von Kindesmisshandlung stellt eher die Regel als die Ausnahme dar. Neben den langfristigen und vielfältigen individuellen Folgen führt Kindesmisshandlung jährlich zu einer hohen gesamtgesellschaftlichen Belastung. Die WHO hat Kindesmisshandlung als großes Public Health Problem identifiziert und die Vereinten Nationen haben den Kampf gegen Kindesmisshandlung zum Ziel in ihrer Agenda für nachhaltige Entwicklung gemacht. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Häufigkeit sowie das gemeinsame Auftreten unterschiedlicher Formen von Kindesmisshandlung sowie deren Assoziation mit psychischen und somatischen Folgen auf Basis einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Stichprobe untersucht und dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen den Zusammenhang zwischen der Kumulation verschiedener Formen von Misshandlung und negativen Folgen für die Betroffenen. So ist das Risiko für negative Konsequenzen beim Erleben von vier oder mehr Formen von Misshandlung um das bis zu 10-fache erhöht. Viel zu selten werden die kumulativen Effekte von mehreren Belastungen berücksichtigt. Gerade weil die Wirkweisen über die Misshandlung, die Gesundheit beeinflusst, zunehmend gut untersucht sind, muss dieses Wissen im Gesundheitswesen stärker bei der Konzeption von Präventions- und Interventionsmaßnahmen berücksichtigt werden.

PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
I.E. Levchenko ◽  
◽  
A.Y. Kuznetsov ◽  
E.G. Korniltseva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
History Of
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document