Nodular dermatitis (review)

The paper discusses the topic of the spread of a highly contagious transboundary emergent viral disease of cattle, nodular dermatitis; describes its etiology, epizootological data, pathogenesis, clinical signs and pathological changes, features of the course, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment; the high growth rate of countries where the disease is registered is noted. The Republic of Kazakhstan is among them. The authors paid special attention to the significant economic damage caused by lumpy skin disease, as well as to the effectiveness of various schemes and methods of combating the disease, including stamping out, and in particular to specific prevention using two types of vaccines: heterologous virus vaccines, containing strains of sheeppox virus, and live attenuated virus vaccines from the Neethling strain.

The history of the study of mycobiota in West Kazakhstan region

The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) considers conservation, research and conservation as a guarantee of ecosystem sustainability. One of the most pressing problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan is the conservation of biodiversity and the rational use of biological resources. Fungi as heterotrophic organisms play a vital role in the functioning of any ecosystem. Although the fungi depend on plants, leaning towards sufficiently closed connections with certain plant communities, plant communities, in turn, are not able to exist without fungi. The study of macromycetes as components of biogeocenosis, is impossible without studying their species composition. The lack of information about macromycetes in the regions under study prevents not only the diversification and exhaustion of the study of the corresponding ecosystem and the development of a comprehensive approach to the protection of natural resources in the department. Especially limited information about the microflora of the West Kazakhstan region, the introduction of only episodic data requires a review of the history of the study of mycobiotics. This is evidenced by the materials provided in this article.

Exosomes and the role of exosomal miRNA in the diagnosis of lung cancer

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all cell types that can function as a cell-to-cell carrier of information, providing pleiotropic functions in intercellular communication. Exosomes can transport various biomolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, into recipient cells. The review analyzed the current data on the role of exosomes and the possibility of using exosomal microRNAs as a biomarker in the diagnosis of lung cancer. MicroRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, so they can regulate the expression of genes that play an important role in oncogenesis. At the moment, microRNAs of exosomes are one of the main candidates for the role of molecular markers in liquid biopsy for the diagnosis of oncological diseases. The review analyzes the diagnostic potential of the use of exosomes in carcinogenesis in general, with an emphasis on the use of exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of lung cancer.

Modern methods of CRISPR/Cas genomic editing for modulation in plants aimed at viral diseases

With the rapid growth of the world's population, food security has become a major concern, with more than 800 million people suffering from hunger and millions more at risk. World agriculture is constantly under an influence of various biotic and abiotic factors that limit productivity of agricultural crops. Pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects and parasitic plants, are severe biotic stresses that can cause severe crop losses. Molecular interactions between a virus and a plant are one of the main models in the understanding of antiviral defense systems and plant interference. The article discusses main classes of resistance genes, RNA interference and RNA-mediated adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea - CRISPR/Cas. Recent studies indicate that the CRISPR/Cas system may play a significant role in conferring antiviral resistance to plants. The article aims to review recent advances in plant biotechnology that have potential practical applications in regulating virus-plant interactions.

Immunobiotechnological methods for the determination of antibiotics in food

In veterinary practice, a large list of antibiotics is used as therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents.Some of them are used as stimulators of the growth and productivity of animals.However, non-observance of the rules for the use of antibiotics and / or timing of slaughter or obtaining milk leads to the intake of a residual amount of antibiotics into the human body with food and can cause various pathologies. The article provides an overview of research papers published in peer-reviewed journals from 2015 to the present on the development and improvement of methods for testing milk and meat for antibiotics. Based on the literature review and the results of his own study, the author of the article notes the advantages of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) options over instrumental analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. However, due to the complexity of the analysis procedure, ELISA kits are not used in food safety laboratories in the Republic of Kazakhstan and other CIS countries. The article describes the state and prospects for the development of simple rapid tests to determine the maximum residue limit (MRL) for antibiotics in livestock products, based on the use of Lateral Flow Assay (LFA). Such tests, not inferior in their sensitivity to ELISA and surpassing it in cost, could be used not only in laboratory conditions, but also directly by food consumers, which will contribute to reliable protection of public health and the development of animal husbandry.

Analysis of the HSP17.6 protein mechanism in BBSV infection

Beet black scorch virus (BBSV) has been reported as a natural pathogen of sugar beet and distributed all over the world, causing great economic losses to the sugar industry. Research on interactions between BBSV and its host by using model plant Nicotiana benthamiana is significantly important and nessesary for understanding virus infection process and exploring plant resistance mechanism. The results of sequencing the transcriptome of N. benthamiana infected with BBSV as well as gene screening in response to viral infection revealed upregulation of the small heat shock protein 17.6 gene (NbHSP17.6) and the effect of the protein on resistance to the virus. To further examine the involvement of HSP17.6 in defense responses in N. benthamiana, we tested interaction between HSP17.6 and other heat shock proteins such as HSP70 and HSP90 as well as BBSV encoded proteins. The results showed that HSP17.6 interacted with HSP70 and HSP90 but not with BBSV encoded proteins. When combined with other available results, it is possible that HSP17.6 acted as a small molecular chaperone to facilitate proper refolding of the specific proteins HSP70 and HSP90 required for BBSV infection and/or replication.

Cytogenetic abnormalities in sheep kept in the territory of Almaty region contaminated with non-utilized and banned pesticides

On the territory of the Almaty region, there are warehouses with banned and non-utilized pesticides, the active substances, and metabolites of which pollute the pastures of farm animals located nearby. Blood samples of 27 sheep from three monitoring points of the Almaty region were analyzed for the presence of genomic mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Cell cultivation and preparation of slides were carried out by standard cytogenetic techniques. The frequency of occurrence of genomic mutations in the blood system of experimental groups of animals exceeded the same indicator in the control group by an average of 1.98 times, and chromosomal aberrations - by 4.1 times. The proportion of hypodiploid cells accounted for 70% of the total number of genomic mutations. Polyploidy accounted for up to 27.9%, and hyperdiploidy was found in single cells. The calculation of indicators of general cytogenetic instability showed that hyperdiploidy and chromosomal aberrations are the main components of this indicator, which, on average in the three monitoring sites, exceeded the control data by 4.14 times. Statistical data processing allows us to conclude about the genotoxic effect of prohibited and non-utilized pesticides on the body of sheep, which have a clastogenic, aneugenic, and mutagenic effect.

The role of mitochondria in the molecular and cellular effects of radon

Mitochondria are unique cell organoids that have their own mitochondrial DNA. They are involved in the regulation of many processes, such as cell survival, apoptosis, and cellular metabolism. It has long been known that mitochondria play a leading role in the mechanism of malignant transformation in the development of many neoplasms. Radon is a radioactive inert gas, is recognized as a carcinogen and, according to the World Health Organization, it is the second cause of lung cancer after smoking. Radon is found in soil, water and air in various concentrations. Radon migrates from the soil and rocks into the surrounding air, as a result of which it accumulates in poorly ventilated or closed rooms. Such areas represent the primary environment in which people are exposed to radioactive radon radiation. Radon penetrates through cracks in the Earth's crust and accumulates in the lower layers of the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of radon in the air is observed in regions rich in uranium deposits, as well as near uranium mines. However, at the moment, the mechanisms of malignant transformation induced by radon are still not completely clear. In this review, we consider for the first time the most modern understanding of the role of mitochondria in the molecular and cellular effects of ionizing radiation, including radon. This kind of knowledge can be of great importance for improving the antitumor effectiveness of radiation therapy, as well as for reducing damage to healthy cells exposed to ionizing radiation and protecting the population living in an area potentially dangerous for radon manifestations.

The human genome reveals the evolution of Homo sapiens

The evolution of modern humans began two and a half million years ago as Homo erectus. Several hundred thousand years ago, Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern men Homo sapiens have been separated from the Homo erectus branch. Nevertheless, Homo sapiens is the only one that has survived to our days. The complex history of Homo is revealed by genetic research and comparison of the modern human genome with genes of Neanderthals and Denisovans. Svante Pääbo, a professor at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, made a significant contribution to these studies and decoded the genome of Neanderthals and Denisovans. Comparison of the genome of modern humans with the genes of Neanderthals and Denisovans made it possible to reveal the size of the population, the paths and times of migrations, interactions of various groups of ancient humans and their biological crossing. It was found that in Eurasia, modern man carries traces of Neanderthal genes, whereas in Asia and Oceania – Denisovan genes. According to anthropological research, the survival of Homo sapiens was driven by the cognitive revolution, which took place about seventy thousand years ago and included the development of language, communication and association in large groups.

Biodiversity of the meadow floristic complex of the ridge Ketpen-Temerlik

This article presents results of long-term studies of the meadow flora of the Ketpen-Temerlik ridge within Kazakhstan and China. The article presents an analysis of the meadow floristic complex of the Ketpen-Temerlik ridge. The taxonomic diversity of species composition of meadow floristic complex, biomorphological analysis of life forms of meadow species, and also the belonging of meadow species to different geographical types of areas. A detailed floristic analysis of meadow flora made it possible to identify 624 species of vascular plants belonging to 230 genera and 47 families. According to the main taxonomic groups of plants, the meadow flora is represented by the Magnoliophyta department, which accounts for 82.2% of the total species composition, and only an insignificant percentage is in the Liliopsida department, 17.1%. The ratio of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants in meadow flora is 1: 4.8. The total number of monocotyledons covers 107 species or 17.1% of the total number of species, there are 517 species of dicotyledonous plants or 82.2%. Analysis of the largest families of meadow flora made it possible to identify 16 largest families by the largest number of species, which contain 504 species. Analysis of the species richness of the genera of flora are: Potentilla, Carex, Ranunculus, Taraxacum, Astragalus, Silene, Veronica. The leading genus of meadow flora accounts for 25.1%. The article considers a boreal nature of the meadow flora. The article reveals a large presence among the meadow flora of Ketpen-Temerlik of mountainous middle asian species with an area limited to the territories of Mountainous Middle Asia.