Medically important interactions of staphylococci with pathogenic fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 1159-1170
Author(s):  
Anjna Kumari ◽  
Rachna Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Trichosporon Asahii

Staphylococci are common inhabitants at several human body sites and are also implicated in infections either as primary or opportunistic pathogens. These bacteria can thus both contribute to the host defense being a part of the commensalistic microbiota or synergize with the other microbes during the infection process. Among fungi, staphylococci interact synergistically with Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus, and antagonistically with Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon asahii. These interactions are highly dynamic and are orchestrated by a multitude of microbial and host factors. During such cross-talks, staphylococci can modulate the virulence, immune response or drug resistance of the coexisting microbe(s), thereby influencing the infection course, disease severity, treatment strategy and the clinical outcome.

scholarly journals The role of host miRNAs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ExRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ava Behrouzi ◽  
Marjan Alimohammadi ◽  
Amir Hossein Nafari ◽  
Mohammad Hadi Yousefi ◽  
Farhad Riazi Rad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
The Other ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs, playing an important role in regulating many biological pathways, such as innate immune response against various infections. Different studies confirm that many miRNAs act as important regulators in developing a strategy for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the host cell. On the other hand, an innate immune response is one of the important aspects of host defense against Mycobacterium. Considering the importance of miRNAs during tuberculosis infection, we focused on studies that performed on the role of various miRNAs related to pathogenic bacteria, M. tuberculosis in the host. Also, we have introduced important miRNAs that can be used as a biomarker for the detection of Mycobacterium.

scholarly journals Host Defense Peptides as Effector Molecules of the Innate Immune Response: A Sledgehammer for Drug Resistance?

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3951-3970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Steinstraesser ◽  
Ursula Kraneburg ◽  
Tobias Hirsch ◽  
Marco Kesting ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Steinau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Defense Peptides

ABC proteins in yeast and fungal pathogens

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 101-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Klein ◽  
Karl Kuchler ◽  
Martin Valachovic
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Abc Proteins ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Cellular Compartments

All fungal genomes harbour numerous ABC (ATP-binding cassette) proteins located in various cellular compartments such as the plasma membrane, vacuoles, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Most of them have initially been discovered through their ability to confer resistance to a multitude of drugs, a phenomenon called PDR (pleiotropic drug resistance) or MDR (multidrug resistance). Studying the mechanisms underlying PDR/MDR in yeast is of importance in two ways: first, ABC proteins can confer drug resistance on pathogenic fungi such as Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. or Cryptococcus neoformans; secondly, the well-established genetic, biochemical and cell biological tractability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae makes it an ideal tool to study basic mechanisms of drug transport by ABC proteins. In the past, knowledge from yeast has complemented work on human ABC transporters involved in anticancer drug resistance or genetic diseases. Interestingly, increasing evidence available from yeast and other organisms suggests that ABC proteins play a physiological role in membrane homoeostasis and lipid distribution, although this is being intensely debated in the literature.

Infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophages

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 370-371
Author(s):  
Manfred E. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Adsorption Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Bacterial Receptors

The first step in the infection of a bacterium by a virus consists of a collision between cell and bacteriophage. The presence of virus-specific receptors on the cell surface will trigger a number of events leading eventually to release of the phage nucleic acid. The execution of the various "steps" in the infection process varies from one virus-type to the other, depending on the anatomy of the virus. Small viruses like ØX 174 and MS2 adsorb directly with their capsid to the bacterial receptors, while other phages possess attachment organelles of varying complexity. In bacteriophages T3 (Fig. 1) and T7 the small conical processes of their heads point toward the adsorption site; a welldefined baseplate is attached to the head of P22; heads without baseplates are not infective.

scholarly journals Ibrexafungerp: A First-in-Class Oral Triterpenoid Glucan Synthase Inhibitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabelle Jallow ◽  
Nelesh P. Govender
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Favourable Safety ◽  
Favourable Safety Profile ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
In Vitro Data

Ibrexafungerp (formerly SCY-078 or MK-3118) is a first-in-class triterpenoid antifungal or “fungerp” that inhibits biosynthesis of β-(1,3)-D-glucan in the fungal cell wall, a mechanism of action similar to that of echinocandins. Distinguishing characteristics of ibrexafungerp include oral bioavailability, a favourable safety profile, few drug–drug interactions, good tissue penetration, increased activity at low pH and activity against multi-drug resistant isolates including C. auris and C. glabrata. In vitro data has demonstrated broad and potent activity against Candida and Aspergillus species. Importantly, ibrexafungerp also has potent activity against azole-resistant isolates, including biofilm-forming Candida spp., and echinocandin-resistant isolates. It also has activity against the asci form of Pneumocystis spp., and other pathogenic fungi including some non-Candida yeasts and non-Aspergillus moulds. In vivo data have shown IBX to be effective for treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis. Ibrexafungerp is effective for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis in completed phase 3 clinical trials.

Immune responses of Texel sheep to excretory/secretory products of adult Haemonchus contortus

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. F. H. Schallig ◽  
M. A. W. van Leeuwen ◽  
W. M. L. Hendrikx
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Immunoblotting Analysis ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Secretory Products

SUMMARYThe excretory/secretory (E/S) products of adult Haemonchus contortus comprise of at least 15 polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 10 to > 100 kDa. These E/S products induce an immune response in infected Texel sheep, as demonstrated by specific IgGI levels and a significant lymphocyte proliferation index. Moreover, immunoblotting analysis revealed that sera of primary H. contortus-infected sheep specifically recognize a 24 kDa E/S product. In addition, sera of challenged sheep react strongly with a 15 kDa E/S product. The other E/S products of H. contortus showed immunoreactivity with serum samples of Haemonchus-infected sheep as well as with samples of sheep harbouring other trichostrongylid infections. These cross-reacting epitopes are the main cause of the lack of specificity of an E/S material- based ELISA. This ELISA can differentiate Haemonchus infections from Nematodirus battus infections, but not from Ostertagia circumcincta or Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections.

Host Defense Peptides as immunomodulators: the other side of the coin

Peptides ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170644
Author(s):  
Ernesto M. Martell ◽  
Melaine González ◽  
Ludger Ständker ◽  
Anselmo J. Otero-González
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Defense Peptides

The compositional turnover of grapevine-associated plant pathogenic fungal communities are greater among intraindividual microhabitats and terroirs than among healthy and Esca-diseased plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienn Geiger ◽  
Zoltán Karácsony ◽  
Richárd Golen ◽  
Kálmán Zoltán Váczy ◽  
József Geml
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Key Questions

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are a major threat to the wine industry, causing yield loss and dieback of grapevines. While the increasing damage caused by GTDs in recent decades have spurred several studies on grapevine-associated pathogenic fungi, key questions about the emergence and severity of GTDs remain unanswered, including possible differences in plant pathogenic fungal communities in asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines. We generated fungal DNA metabarcoding data from soil, bark, and perennial wood samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines sampled in three terroirs. We observed larger compositional differences in plant pathogenic fungi among different plants parts within grapevine plants than among individual grapevines. This is driven by the dominance of GTD-associated fungi in perennial wood and non-GTD pathogens in soil, as well as by the lack of significant differences among asymptomatic and Esca symptomatic grapevines. These results suggest that fungi generally associated with Esca disease belong to the core grapevine microbiome and likely are commensal endophytes and/or latent saprotrophs, some of which can act as opportunistic pathogens on stressed plants. In addition, we found significant compositional differences among sampling sites, particularly in soil, which suggest a certain influence of local edaphic and mesclimatic factors on plant pathogenic fungal communities. Furthermore, the observed differences among terroirs in plant pathogenic fungal communities in grapevine woody parts indicate that environmental factors likely are important for the development of Esca disease and further studies are needed to investigate the abiotic conditions on fungal compositional dynamics in Esca-affected plants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of pathogenic fungi occurrence in traumatogenic structures of freshwater fish

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Caetano Oliveira Leme ◽  
Marcos Mendes de Barros Negreiros ◽  
Fernando Akira Koga ◽  
Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco ◽  
Eduardo Bagagli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dematiaceous Fungi ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Infection Route ◽  
5.8S Rdna ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Pimelodus Maculatus

INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections in human skin, such as sporotrichosis, can occur after fish induced trauma. This work aimed to identify fungi in freshwater fish that are pathogenic to humans. METHODS: Extraction of dental arches from Serrassalmus maculatus (piranha) and Hoplias malabaricus (wolf fish), stings from Pimelodus maculatus (mandis catfish), dorsal fin rays from Plagioscion spp. (corvina) and Tilapia spp., for culture in Mycosel agar. Some cultures were submitted to DNA extraction for molecular identification by sequencing ITS-5.8S rDNA. RESULTS: Cultures identified most yeast as Candida spp., while sequencing also permitted the identification of Phoma spp. and Yarrowia lipolytica. CONCLUSIONS: While the search for S. schenckii was negative, the presence of fungus of the genera Phoma and Candida revealed the pathogenic potential of this infection route. The genus Phoma is involved in certain forms of phaeohyphomycosis, a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi, with reports of infections in human organs and systems. Traumatizing structures of some freshwater fish present pathogenic fungi and this may be an important infection route that must be considered in some regions of Brazil, since there are a large number of a fisherman in constant contact with traumatogenic fish.

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