scholarly journals Chef and Consumer Evaluation of the Degree of Doneness of Beef Strop Loin Steaks Cooked to Six Endpoint Temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Prill ◽  
T. G. O’Quinn ◽  
M. D. Chao ◽  
J. L. Vipham ◽  
J. M. Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Heat Temperature ◽  
Consumer Evaluation ◽  
Cooking Temperature ◽  
Beef Steaks ◽  
Specific Temperature ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Digital Survey

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess if visual degrees of doneness (DOD) are in-line with current published cooking temperatures and to assess differences in perceptions between consumers and chefs.Materials and MethodsTwenty-four paired beef strip loins (IMPS #180) representing four quality grades [Prime, Top Choice, Low Choice, Select] and an additional 12 enhanced Select strip loins were fabricated into 2.54 cm thick steaks and used in the study. Steaks were randomly assigned to one of six DOD: very rare (55°C), rare (60°C), medium-rare (63°C), medium (71°C), well done (77°C), or very well done (82°C). Following cooking, a photograph of the cut steak surface was taken immediately using a digital camera (Canon PowerShot SX620 HS). A digital survey for chefs and consumers was created for the electronic evaluation of the pictures of the internal surface of the cooked steaks. Chefs (n = 83) and consumers (n = 1134) were asked to assess the DOD of digital steak pictures representing multiple DOD and quality grades. Participants were also asked several questions related to how they determine DOD when cooking steaks, about their use of thermometers, and the temperatures they associate with each DOD.ResultsThere were no quality treatment effects (P > 0.05) for any DOD for the images evaluated. Between 14 to 44% of chefs categorized the steak images as the DOD to which it was cooked. For all DOD, 9 to 48% of chefs classified the steak images as 2 or more DOD from the DOD to which the steak was cooked. Of the 1134 consumers, 27 to 35% of consumers categorized steaks as the appropriate DOD. For all DOD, 16 to 36% of consumers identified steaks as 2 or more DOD higher or lower than the DOD that the steak was cooked. When chefs were asked how they determined DOD when cooking beef steaks, 66% of chefs reported using feel or firmness, whereas 28% stated they use a thermometer. Within the chefs that reported use of thermometers, 15% indicated the specific temperature they used was pull-off the heat temperature and 13% used carry-over cooking temperature. To assess DOD when cooking beef at home, 54% of consumers reported they used color, 16% used feel or firmness, and 10% used time. Additionally, 3% of consumers responded that they do not determine DOD. Only 16% of consumers reported using temperature or food thermometer for determining the correct DOD when cooking beef. Consumers that answered to using a food thermometer were then prompted to state the temperature they utilize, being either pull off the heat temperature (69%) or temperature following the post-cooking temperature rise (31%). However, 48 to 61% of consumers that stated they use a thermometer then reported they did not know the temperatures that correspond with each DOD. Additionally, only 14 to 32% of consumers that utilized peak temperatures matched the NCBA temperatures.ConclusionAlthough consumers do not have a good understanding of beef cooking temperatures, they are able to identify DOD of steaks cooked to specified endpoint temperatures. Additionally, chefs do not consistently use the same method when determining DOD and are unable to accurately identify DOD of steaks cooked to specified endpoint temperatures. This lack of uniformity between chefs and consumers on DOD determination can create challenges for foodservice establishments to successfully meet consumer DOD expectations.

CONSUMER EVALUATION OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. CROSS ◽  
MARILYMS. STANFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Evaluation ◽  
Beef Steaks

Study on Hydrated Heat Temperature Field of Thick Raft Concrete Foundation Using FEM Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Zhen Xiao Xue ◽  
Yu Wen Ju
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Solidification Temperature ◽  
Adiabatic Temperature Rise ◽  
Heat Temperature ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Massive Concrete

Based on a wind turbine thick concrete raft foundation for the engineering background, through the adiabatic temperature rise test, the datum of the hydration heat of concrete are obtained; and concrete solidification temperature field numerical simulation and analysis are conducted by finite element analysis software ANSYS; by means of the temperature sensor measurement systems, the foundation concrete pouring process variation of the temperature field is obtained by real-time monitoring. Studies show that: the temperature rise inside the concrete points has the same trend, but the peak and the peak of the age are different. The maximum temperature inside the concrete is mostly shown in the initial 3-5d of concreting; temperature gradient along the thickness direction of the foundation is obvious; massive concrete is significantly affected by the outside temperature.

scholarly journals Modeling Method Analysis of the Friction Torque for High Speed Spindle Bearing

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 03028
Author(s):  
Songsheng Li ◽  
Huihang Chen ◽  
Haibing Ding ◽  
Guoye Zhang ◽  
Juan Shao
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Friction Torque ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Heat Temperature ◽  
Spindle Bearing ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Method Analysis ◽  
Theory And Experiment

The friction torque inside the high-speed spindle bearing determines the performance of the friction, wear, heat, temperature rise and life of the bearing. Aim to analyze the high-speed spindle bearing dynamic characteristics, considering the influence of cage and internal lubricating oil-film, a quasi-static improved model of high-speed spindle bearing was developed. And a new method for calculating the friction torque of the bearing based on the quasi-static improved model was put forward. Then the theory and experiment were validated systematically. The results show that the quasi-static improved model is correct, and the method of calculating the friction torque of high-speed spindle bearing based the quasi-static improved model is feasible and reliable.

Paper 11: Hot Oil Carry-Over in Thrust Bearings

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (12) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ettles
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Thrust Bearing ◽  
Formal Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Housing Supply ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Thrust Bearings ◽  
Design Procedures ◽  
Carry Over

Six sets of experimental results concerning 14 different thrust bearing assemblies of varying type and size are analysed to find the extent of hot oil carry-over. Temperature readings from 729 pads are used in the analysis. The percentage of exit heat carried over k is shown to vary between 80 and 60 per cent, depending on sliding speed and bearing type. The temperature at entry to the pad is shown to be higher than the housing supply temperature by a simple multiple of k applied to the temperature rise along the pad. Since no formal method exists at present for the calculation of operating viscosity in thrust bearings, it is hoped that this work will form a contribution in the design procedures for thrust bearings.

scholarly journals Comparison of Greenhouse Fuel Consumption Calculated Using Different Methods with Actual Fuel Consumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Nafi Baytorun ◽  
Zeynep Zaimoğlu ◽  
Adil Akyüz ◽  
Sait Üstün ◽  
Ali Çaylı
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Actual Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
Specific Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Heat Requirement

Heat requirements in greenhouses are calculated considering greenhouse type, the climate of the region and temperatures desirable for plant growth. Calculations made according to daily average temperature values lead to misleading results during periods when temperatures are high and under conditions when greenhouse temperature is kept low. For this reason, determining heat requirements according to hourly values provides more accurate results. Calculations of heat requirements in greenhouses are based on the difference between the desired temperature in the greenhouse and the outside temperature. However, in unheated greenhouses and those that are not ventilated until a specific temperature, actual temperature values are higher than outside temperatures. For this reason, heat requirement calculations should be made according to hourly climate values taking into account actual temperature in the greenhouse and temperature rise resulting from greenhouse specifications. This study aims to compare the amounts of fuel consumed under real conditions with fuel consumption calculated with conventional methods using inside and outside temperature difference and considering the above mentioned inconveniences. Daily fuel consumption calculated theoretically differs from actual consumption values. However, in comparisons based on fuel amounts consumed on an annual basis, best results were obtained when temperature rise in the greenhouse was taken into consideration. In the event that temperature rise is taken into consideration, a 3% difference is observed between calculated fuel consumption and actual fuel consumption.

What catalysis needs from the electron microscopist

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
Alexis T. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Internal Surface Area ◽  
Porous Support

Heterogeneous catalysts, used in industry for the production of fuels and chemicals, are microporous solids characterized by a high internal surface area. The catalyticly active sites may occur at the surface of the bulk solid or of small crystallites deposited on a porous support. An example of the former case would be a zeolite, and of the latter, a supported metal catalyst. Since the activity and selectivity of a catalyst are known to be a function of surface composition and structure, it is highly desirable to characterize catalyst surfaces with atomic scale resolution. Where the active phase is dispersed on a support, it is also important to know the dispersion of the deposited phase, as well as its structural and compositional uniformity, the latter characteristics being particularly important in the case of multicomponent catalysts. Knowledge of the pore size and shape is also important, since these can influence the transport of reactants and products through a catalyst and the dynamics of catalyst deactivation.

The distribution and density of ciliary tufts on the siphons of Anodonta cygnea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-519
Author(s):  
Wen-lung Wu
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Anodonta Cygnea ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Inhalant Siphon ◽  
Type V

The mantle of bivalves has come entirely to enclose the laterally compressed body and the mantle margin has assumed a variety of functions, one of the pricipal ones being sensory. Ciliary tufts, which are probably sensory, have been reported from the mantle and siphons of several bivalves1∽4. Certain regions of the mantle margin are likely to be more or less, sensitive to certain stimuli than others. The inhalant siphon is likely to be particularly sensitive to both chemical and mechanical stimuli, whereas the exhalant siphon will be less sensitive to both. The distribution and density of putative sensory receptors on the in-and ex-halant siphon is compared in this paper.The excised siphons were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, the whole procedure of SEM study is recorded in Wu's thesis.Type II cilia cover the tips of tentacles, 6.13um. Type IV and type V cilia are found on the surface of tentacles. Type IV cilia are occasionally present at the tips of tentacles, 8 um long. They are the commonest type on the surface of tentacles. Type VI cilia occor in the internal surface of the inhalant siphon, but are not found on the surface of tentacles, 6.7-10um long.

Minimizing Carry-Over Effects After Treatment Failure and Maximizing Therapeutic Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareile Hofmann ◽  
Nathalie Wrobel ◽  
Simon Kessner ◽  
Ulrike Bingel
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Carry Over

According to experimental and clinical evidence, the experiences of previous treatments are carried over to different therapeutic approaches and impair the outcome of subsequent treatments. In this behavioral pilot study we used a change in administration route to investigate whether the effect of prior treatment experience on a subsequent treatment depends on the similarity of both treatments. We experimentally induced positive or negative experiences with a topical analgesic treatment in two groups of healthy human subjects. Subsequently, we compared responses to a second, unrelated and systemic analgesic treatment between both the positive and negative group. We found that there was no difference in the analgesic response to the second treatment between the two groups. Our data indicate that a change in administration route might reduce the influence of treatment history and therefore be a way to reduce negative carry-over effects after treatment failure. Future studies will have to validate these findings in a fully balanced design including larger, clinical samples.

Does CBT for Psychosis Have an Impact on Delusions by Improving Reasoning Biases and Negative Self-Schemas?

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Mehl ◽  
Björn Schlier ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Intervention Effect ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Attribution Biases ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Reasoning Biases

Abstract. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) builds on theoretical models that postulate reasoning biases and negative self-schemas to be involved in the formation and maintenance of delusions. However, it is unclear whether CBTp induces change in delusions by improving these proposed causal mechanisms. This study reports on a mediation analysis of a CBTp effectiveness trial in which delusions were a secondary outcome. Patients with psychosis were randomized to individualized CBTp (n = 36) or a waiting list condition (WL; n = 34). Reasoning biases (jumping to conclusions, theory of mind, attribution biases) and self-schemas (implicit and explicit self-esteem; self-schemas related to different domains) were assessed pre- and post-therapy/WL. The results reveal an intervention effect on two of four measures of delusions and on implicit self-esteem. Nevertheless, the intervention effect on delusions was not mediated by implicit self-esteem. Changes in explicit self-schemas and reasoning biases did also not mediate the intervention effects on delusions. More focused interventions may be required to produce change in reasoning and self-schemas that have the potential to carry over to delusions.

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