Lifestyle Habits of Senior Executives and Implications for Cognitive Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Sharon McDowell-Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Senior Executives ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Health Leadership ◽  
Males And Females

Lifestyle behaviors such as exercise, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption can profoundly affect long-term health outcomes like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer as well as acute and long-term cognitive function. for those in leadership roles, stamina, a baseline level of good health, and optimal cognitive function are important for leadership performance and sustainability. The purpose of this study is to describe various biometric markers and lifestyle behaviors of senior level executives and the implications for health, leadership, and brain function. Data were collected from male (n = 2925) and female (n = 574) executives who attended the Leadership at the Peak (LaP) course at the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) between November 2007 and July 2018  fifty-two percent of male participants and 48% of female participants were maintenance exercisers. only 2.2% of males and 0.7% of females were current smokers. average servings of alcohol per week were 5.6 and 4.5 for males and females, respectively. However, 23% of executives reported drinking little to no alcohol. The average number of hours of sleep per week was 6.6 hours for both male and female executives. On average, executives were slightly overweight with an average body fat percentage of 22.6% for males and 30.1% for females and an average waist circumference of 82.7 cm and 97.5 cm for males and females, respectively. Non-high-density lipoprotein levels were above ideal at 138.3 mg/dL for males and 125.2 mg/dL for females. Daily servings of fruit and vegetable consumption was less than ideal, averaging 4.7 servings a day for females and 3.7 servings for males. Overall, senior executives are healthier than the average american; however, given that their jobs are cognitively demanding, strategies such as eating more nutrient-rich plant foods and getting adequatesleep and regular exercise are increasingly important.

scholarly journals Long-Term Increase in Cholesterol Is Associated With Better Cognitive Function: Evidence From a Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huamin Liu ◽  
Lianwu Zou ◽  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Minyi Zhang ◽  
Shanyuan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Background: Higher visit-to-visit cholesterol has been associated with cognitive decline. However, the association between long-term increase or decrease in cholesterol and cognitive decline remains unclear.Methods: A total of 4,915 participants aged ≥45 years with normal cognition in baseline were included. The participants were divided into four groups, namely low–low, low–high, high–low, and high–high, according to the diagnostic thresholds of total cholesterol (TC), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) after 4 years of follow-up. Cognitive function was assessed by episodic memory and mental intactness. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association of cholesterol variation with cognitive decline.Results: Among the participants, 979 (19.9%) experienced global cognitive decline. The odds ratio (OR) of global cognitive and memory function decline were remarkably lower in participants in the low–high NHDL-C group than those in the low–low group [OR and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50 [0.26–0.95] for global cognitive decline, 0.45 [0.25–0.82] for memory function decline]. The lower OR was also significant in females (OR [95% CI]: 0.38 [0.17–0.87] for global cognitive decline; 0.44 [0.19–0.97] for memory function decline) and participants without cardiovascular disease (OR [95% CI]: 0.31 [0.11–0.87] for global cognitive decline; 0.34 [0.14–0.83] for memory function decline). The increases in other cholesterol were also negatively associated with the risk of cognitive decline although not significantly.Conclusions: A longitudinal increase in NHDL-C may be protective for cognition in females or individuals without cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Influence of the d3GH receptor polymorphism on the metabolic and biochemical phenotype of GH-deficient adults at baseline and during short- and long-term recombinant human GH replacement therapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Giavoli ◽  
Emanuele Ferrante ◽  
Eriselda Profka ◽  
Luca Olgiati ◽  
Silvia Bergamaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Rhgh Therapy ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveA common polymorphic variant of GH receptor (exon 3 deletion, d3GHR) has been linked with increased response to recombinant human GH (rhGH) in some patients with or without GH deficiency (GHD). The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the GHR genotype on the phenotype of GHD adults and on the metabolic effect of rhGH therapy.DesignProspective study of GHD patients evaluated before and during short- (1 year,n=100) and long-term (5 years,n=50) rhGH therapy.MethodsEffects of rhGH on IGF1 levels, body composition (body fat percentage, BF%), body mass index, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis (fasting insulin and glucose, insulin sensitivity indexes) were evaluated according to the presence or the absence of the d3GHR variant.ResultsThe different genotype did not influence basal phenotype of GHD. Short-term rhGH determined normalization of IGF1 levels, decrease in BF%, and worsening of insulin sensitivity, independently from the presence of the d3GHR allele. A significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol occurred in the d3GHR group. Normalization of IGF1 levels and decrease in BF% were maintained after 5 years. Insulin sensitivity restored to basal values, though in d3GHR patients fasting glucose remained significantly higher than at baseline. After both 1 and 5 years, percentage of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, similar in the two groups at baseline, decreased in fl/fl while doubled in d3GHR patients. In this last group, a long-term significant reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was also observed.ConclusionThe functional difference of d3GHR may influence some metabolic effects of rhGH on GHD adults.

Associations between 20-year lipid variability throughout young adulthood and midlife cognitive function and brain integrity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri ◽  
Michelle R Caunca ◽  
Neal Jawadekar ◽  
Leslie Grasset ◽  
Tali Elfassy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Young Cohort ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Total Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
Total Brain

Abstract Background Little is known about long-term lipid variability in young adulthood in relation to cognitive function and brain integrity in midlife. Methods We studied 3,328 adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. We defined low- and high- density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL) variability as the intra-individual standard deviation of lipid measurements over 20 years of young adulthood (1985–2005). Cognitive tests were administered in 2010. Brain scans were performed in 2010 on 714 participants. To facilitate comparison, cognitive tests and brain metrics were z-scored. Results Mean age at baseline was 25.4 years. Higher 20-year LDL variability was associated with worse verbal memory in midlife (β=-0.25, 95% CI [-0.42, -0.08]), adjusted for important covariates. Higher 20-year HDL variability was associated with worse processing speed in midlife (β=-0.80, 95% CI [-1.18, -0.41]) and brain integrity, e.g. smaller total brain volume (β=-0.58, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.34]) and worse total brain fractional anisotropy (β=-1.13, 95% CI [-1.87, -0.39]). Conclusions Higher long-term lipid variability in adulthood was associated with worse cognition and brain integrity in midlife, in a relatively young cohort.

scholarly journals Long-Term Levels of LDL-C and Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Mefford ◽  
Ligong Chen ◽  
Cora E. Lewis ◽  
Paul Muntner ◽  
Stephen Sidney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test

Abstract Objectives: It is uncertain if long-term levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) affect cognition in middle age. We examined the association of LDL-C levels over 25 years with cognitive function in a prospective cohort of black and white US adults. Methods: Lipids were measured at baseline (1985–1986; age: 18–30 years) and at serial examinations conducted over 25 years. Time-averaged cumulative LDL-C was calculated using the area under the curve for 3,328 participants with ≥3 LDL-C measurements and a cognitive function assessment. Cognitive function was assessed at the Year 25 examination with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST], Rey Auditory Visual Learning Test [RAVLT], and Stroop Test. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sub-study (N = 707) was also completed at Year 25 to assess abnormal white matter tissue volume (AWMV) and gray matter cerebral blood flow volume (GM-CBFV) as secondary outcomes. Results: There were 15.6%, 32.9%, 28.9%, and 22.6% participants with time-averaged cumulative LDL-C <100 mg/dL, 101–129 mg/dL, 130–159 mg/dL, and ≥160 mg/dL, respectively. Standardized differences in all cognitive function test scores ranged from 0.16 SD lower to 0.09 SD higher across time-averaged LDL-C categories in comparison to those with LDL-C < 100 mg/dL. After covariate adjustment, participants with higher versus lower time-averaged LDL-C had a lower RAVLT score (p-trend = 0.02) but no differences were present for DSST, Stroop Test, AWMV, or GM-CBFV. Conclusion: Cumulative LDL-C was associated with small differences in memory, as assessed by RAVLT scores, but not other cognitive or brain MRI measures over 25 years of follow-up.

Physical activity and cognitive function in older persons

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Critical Challenge

Strategies to improve cognitive aging are highly needed. Among those, promotion of exercise and physical activity appears as one of the most attractive and beneficial intervention. Indeed, results from basic and clinical studies suggest that exercise and physical activity have positive effects on cognition in older persons without cognitive impairment, as well as in those with dementia. Despite inconsistent results, aerobic exercise appears to have the strongest potential to enhance cognition. However, even limited periods of walking (45 minutes, three times a week, over a 6-month period) have also been shown to enhance cognition, particularly executive functions. Changing long-term lifestyle habits in these older persons remains a critical challenge and attractive programs susceptible to gain adherence are needed to succeed in achieving improved cognitive aging.

Association of Circulating Cholesterol Level with Cognitive Function and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Community-based Population Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-565
Author(s):  
Yujie Guo ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Xiaojun Ma ◽  
Xiaochen Huang ◽  
Zhuoheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
Female Subjects

Background: The present study was designed to examine the association of circulating cholesterol with cognitive function in non-demented community aging adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 1754 Chinese adults aged 55-80 years. The association between serum cholesterol levels and cognitive function was examined. Participants were categorized into four groups according to the quartile of circulating TC (total cholesterol), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and HDLc/ LDL-c ratio. The difference in cognitive performance among the groups was compared. Logistic regression model was used to determine the association of circulating cholesterol level with the risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Results: Mild increase of serum LDL-c level correlated with better visual and executive, language, memory and delayed recall abilities. Higher circulating TC and HDL-c levels were found to be associated with poorer cognitive function, especially in aging female subjects. Higher circulating TC, HDL-c and HDL/LDL ratio indicated an increased risk of MCI, especially in female subjects. Conclusion: Slight increase in circulating LDL-c level might benefit cognitive function in aging adults. However, higher circulating TC and HDL-c levels might indicate a decline of cognitive function, especially in aging female subjects.

scholarly journals Vascular risk factors and incident late-life depression in a Korean population

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Min Kim ◽  
Robert Stewart ◽  
Sung-Wan Kim ◽  
Su-Jin Yang ◽  
Il-Seon Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Vascular Status

BackgroundCausal relationships between vascular factors and late-life depression are controversial.AimsTo investigate prospective associations between risk factors for vascular disease and incidence of late-life depression.MethodOf 661 community participants aged 65 years or over, without depression at baseline, 521 (79%) were re-evaluated 2 years later. At baseline and follow-up, a diagnostic interview for depression was carried out and information on vascular status, disability and cognitive function was gathered.ResultsPre-existing heart disease, incident stroke and lower baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were significantly associated with incidence of late-life depression, independently of disability and cognitive function.ConclusionsThese results provide some support for a vascular aetiology of late-life depression. However, important risk factors for cerebrovascular disease such as hypertension and diabetes were not implicated, and the associations with lipid levels might still be explained by affective states earlier in life.

scholarly journals OP0013 SEX DIFFERENCES IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; A MULTI-OMIC APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 8.1-8
Author(s):  
G. Robinson ◽  
K. Waddington ◽  
J. Peng ◽  
A. Radziszewska ◽  
H. Peckham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Males And Females

Background:Males and females have altered immune responses resulting in variation in autoimmune and cardiovascular disease risk (CVR). Recently, these differences have played a role in the inflammatory response to COVID-19. Sex differences exist in the frequency and activity of immune-cell subsets but mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism remain unknown. Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is an autoimmune disorder that commonly emerges during puberty, has a strong female prevalence (female:male ratio, 4.5:1) and results in an increased CVR. JSLE is characterised by chronic inflammation and dyslipidaemia, where cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality for patients. Our previous work identified a link between immune cell function and lipid metabolism in adult-onset SLE. We hypothesised that sex hormones could influence both lipid metabolism and immune cell function and this could determine sex-specific susceptibility to JSLE and associated CVR.Objectives:We investigated the role of sex hormones in modifying systemic lipid metabolism and inflammation.Methods:Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy based serum metabolomics measuring over 130 lipoproteins (14-subsets with lipid compositions), flow cytometry measuring immune-cells, and RNA-sequencing were used to assess the metabolic and immune profile in young, pre/post-pubertal males (n=10/17) and females (n=10/23) and in individuals with gender-dysphoria (GD) under cross-hormone treatment (trans-male/female, n=26/25). This analysis was also performed on a cohort of post-pubertal male (n=12) and female (n=23) JSLE patients. Data was analysed by logistic regression, balanced random forest machine learning (BRF-ML), differential gene expression (DEG) and pathway analysis.Results:Post-pubertal males had significantly reduced cardio-protective high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subsets (p<0.0001) and increased cardio-pathogenic very-low-density lipoprotein subsets (p<0.0001) compared to females. These differences were not observed pre-puberty and were reversed significantly by cross-hormone treatment in GD individuals, suggesting that sex hormones regulate lipid metabolism in-vivo.BRF-ML (28 immune-cell subsets) identified an increased frequency of anti-inflammatory regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in post-pubertal males compared to females (p=0.0097). These Tregs were also more suppressive in males compared to females. Differences in Treg frequency were seen pre-puberty and were not altered by sex hormone treatment in GD individuals. However, Treg DEGs and functional transcriptomic pathways altered between post-pubertal males and females, including those involved in inflammatory signalling, overlapped with those altered by hormones in GD, suggesting hormones may also drive Treg functional changes. In addition, HDL metabolites modified by hormones showed differential associations with Treg phenotypes between post-pubertal males and females.Strikingly, sex differences in lipoproteins and Tregs were lost in JSLE, suggesting hormone signalling could be dysregulated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and could increase CVR for patients.Conclusion:Sex hormones drive altered lipoprotein metabolism and functional transcriptomic pathways in Tregs. Males have a lipoprotein profile associated with increased CVR, but a more anti-inflammatory immune profile compared to females. Together, this could explain sex differences in inflammatory disease susceptibilities and inform future sex-specific therapeutic strategies for the management of both JSLE and CVR.Acknowledgements:Lupus UKRosetrees TrustVersus ArthritisNIHR UCLH Biomedical Research CentreDisclosure of Interests:None declared

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