scholarly journals New Taxon of Fungal Endophytes from Phrynium capitatum Willd: A Promising Ethnomedicinal Plant in Northeast India and its Systematic and Phylogenetic Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Richa Sharma ◽  
◽  
Sumpam Tangjang ◽  
Amritesh C. Shukla ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Plant ◽  
Pestalotiopsis Neglecta

The findings of the current study deal with the first time report on the diversity of fungal endophyte from the ethnomedicinal plant- Phrynium capitatum Willd., (Marantaceae). The plant is growing wildly in the forest of Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India, and traditionally been used for anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic or analgesic effects. During the investigation, samples of the plant parts, viz., leaves, stem, and roots were collected for isolation of endophytic spp. The endophytic spp were identified based on the morphological, cultural, and reproductive structures (hyaline, ellipsoidal, aseptate, pycnidia, beta conidia, perithecia, asci, and ascospores). Further, the phylogenetic analysis of the isolated species was made, using the sequences of 5.8S and 28S rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence 1 and 4. The largest number of fungal endophytes (39%) were isolated from the leaves, followed by the roots (31%) and stems (30%). Overall 35 fungal species have been isolated, out of which, thirty-four belongs to the class Ascomycetes, and one from the class zygomycetes. The highest species richness and frequency of colonization were recorded in the leaf. The observations show that Pestalotiopsis longiseta was the most dominant endophytic species followed by Diplodina microsperma, Nodulisporium hinnuleum, Aspergillus flavus , Diaporthe sp., Nigrospora oryzae and Lasiodiplodia viticola. However, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, Sordaria fimicola, Diplodina microsperma, Fusarium incarnatum, Preussia sp., Diaporthe sp., Aureobasidium sp.were common fungal endophytes isolated from P. capitatum

Temporal variations in isolation frequency of endophytic fungi of Japanese beech

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Sahashi ◽  
Takanori Kubono ◽  
Yukiko Miyasawa ◽  
Shin'ichiro Ito
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fagus Crenata ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Organ Specificity ◽  
Japanese Beech ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Unidentified Species

To determine the dominant fungal endophytes of the Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) and to monitor their isolation frequency, we isolated fungi from symptomless organs of beech including leaves, petioles, and current and old (1- to 5-year-old) twigs after surface sterilization. Of the 13 fungal taxa obtained, 3 were isolated most often. An unidentified species of Discula and an unidentified sterile fungus, Lb, were isolated frequently from leaves, and an unidentified species of Phomopsis was isolated most frequently from twigs. The isolation frequency over the growing season varied for the two dominant fungal species in the leaves, Discula sp. and Lb. These two species had similar patterns of isolation, even in petioles and current-year twigs, although isolation frequencies of a given species varied with organs. An organ-specific distribution of the fungal species in the host plant was apparent. The three fungal species noted above were considered to be the dominant endophytes of the Japanese beech.Key words: fungal endophyte, Fagus crenata, isolation frequency, organ specificity.

Introducing the new Indian mangrove species, Vaginatispora microarmatispora (Lophiostomataceae) based on morphology and multigene phylogenetic analysis

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 329 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. DEVADATHA ◽  
V.V. SARMA ◽  
D.N. WANASINGHE ◽  
KEVIN D. HYDE ◽  
E.B.G JONES
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
Distinct Lineage ◽  
Multigene Phylogenetic Analysis

Vaginatispora microarmatispora sp. nov. (Lophiostomataceae) is a new saprobic marine fungal species found on dead intertidal wood of Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Muthupet mangroves, Tamil Nadu, along the south-east coast of India. This species has characters similar to other species of the genus Vaginatispora, but differs in ascospore dimensions. Phylogeny inferred from a combined LSU, SSU, ITS and TEF1 sequence dataset reveal a close association of the new taxon to species of Vaginatispora, but as a distinct lineage. Hence, in this paper, we introduce the new species with illustrations, descriptions and comparison with related taxa. A synopsis of characters of all Vaginatispora species along with a dichotomous key are also provided.

scholarly journals Sequence Analysis of SSR-Flanking Regions Identifies Genome Affinities between Pasture Grass Fungal Endophyte Taxa

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline van Zijll de Jong ◽  
Kathryn M. Guthridge ◽  
German C. Spangenberg ◽  
John W. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Current View ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Flanking Regions

Fungal species of the Neotyphodium and Epichloë genera are endophytes of pasture grasses showing complex differences of life-cycle and genetic architecture. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been developed from endophyte-derived expressed sequence tag (EST) collections. Although SSR array size polymorphisms are appropriate for phenetic analysis to distinguish between taxa, the capacity to resolve phylogenetic relationships is limited by both homoplasy and heteroploidy effects. In contrast, nonrepetitive sequence regions that flank SSRs have been effectively implemented in this study to demonstrate a common evolutionary origin of grass fungal endophytes. Consistent patterns of relationships between specific taxa were apparent across multiple target loci, confirming previous studies of genome evolution based on variation of individual genes. Evidence was obtained for the definition of endophyte taxa not only through genomic affinities but also by relative gene content. Results were compatible with the current view that some asexual Neotyphodium species arose following interspecific hybridisation between sexual Epichloë ancestors. Phylogenetic analysis of SSR-flanking regions, in combination with the results of previous studies with other EST-derived SSR markers, further permitted characterisation of Neotyphodium isolates that could not be assigned to known taxa on the basis of morphological characteristics.

Fungal endophyte assemblages from ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mysore V Tejesvi ◽  
Basavanna Mahesh ◽  
Monnanda S Nalini ◽  
Harishchandra S Prakash ◽  
Kukkundoor R Kini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Terminalia Arjuna ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Medicinal Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

Endophytic fungi represent an interesting group of microorganisms associated with the healthy tissues of terrestrial plants. They represent a large reservoir of genetic diversity. Fungal endophytes were isolated from the inner bark segments of ethnopharmaceutically important medicinal tree species, namely Terminalia arjuna, Crataeva magna, Azadirachta indica, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Terminalia chebula, and Butea monosperma (11 individual trees), growing in different regions of southern India. Forty-eight fungal species were recovered from 2200 bark segments. Mitosporic fungi represented a major group (61%), with ascomycetes (21%) and sterile mycelia (18%) the next major groups. Species of Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Chaetomium were frequently isolated. Exclusive fungal taxa were recovered from five of the six plant species considered for the study of endophytic fungi. Rarefaction indices for species richness indicated the highest expected number of species for bark segments were isolated from T. arjuna and A. indica (20 species each) and from C. magna (18 species).Key words: bark, endophytes, medicinal trees, southern India.

scholarly journals Tree Diversity Reduces Fungal Endophyte Richness and Diversity in a Large-Scale Temperate Forest Experiment

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Griffin ◽  
Joshua G. Harrison ◽  
Melissa K. McCormick ◽  
Karin T. Burghardt ◽  
John D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Tree Diversity ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
And Function

Although decades of research have typically demonstrated a positive correlation between biodiversity of primary producers and associated trophic levels, the ecological drivers of this association are poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiome, or the fungi and bacteria found on and inside plant hosts, may be cryptic yet important drivers of important processes, including primary production and trophic interactions. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized foliar fungal community diversity, composition, and function from 15 broadleaved tree species (N = 545) in a recently established, large-scale temperate tree diversity experiment using over 17,000 seedlings. Specifically, we tested whether increases in tree richness and phylogenetic diversity would increase fungal endophyte diversity (the “Diversity Begets Diversity” hypothesis), as well as alter community composition (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Community” hypothesis) and function (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Function” hypothesis) at different spatial scales. We demonstrated that increasing tree richness and phylogenetic diversity decreased fungal species and functional guild richness and diversity, including pathogens, saprotrophs, and parasites, within the first three years of a forest diversity experiment. These patterns were consistent at the neighborhood and tree plot scale. Our results suggest that fungal endophytes, unlike other trophic levels (e.g., herbivores as well as epiphytic bacteria), respond negatively to increasing plant diversity.

A light and electron microscope study of the fungal endophytes in the sporophyte and gametophyte of Lycopodium cernuum with observations on the gametophyte–sporophyte junction

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Duckett ◽  
Roberto Ligrone
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Fungal Associations

The ventral epidermal cells of the photosynthetic, surface-living gametophytes of Lycopodium cernuum, collected from moist shaded banks in Peninsular Malaysia, contain an aseptate fungus. In some cells the hyphae are thick walled and form coils encapsulated by a thin layer of host wall material. In others the fungus is thin walled and shows limited differentiation into larger trunk hyphae and arbuscules. The adjacent host cytoplasm, separated from the fungus by a granular interfacial matrix, contains numerous chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microtubules. The hyphae contact the substratum via the ventral walls of the epidermal cells and the rhizoids are free from infection. In the protocorm and root nodules, aseptate hyphae initially colonize mucilage-filled schizogenous intercellular spaces. Subsequent invasion of the host cells is associated with the development of massive overgrowths of host wall material. The fungal associations in L. cernuum share a mixture of attributes otherwise found in different angiosperm mycorrhizae and in mycotrophic relationships in liverworts. Wall ingrowths are present in both the gametophyte and sporophyte cells in the placenta of L. cernuum. The very limited development of the placenta, compared with L. appressum, certain bryophytes and ferns, the diminutive size, and early senescence of the gametophytes of L. cernuum are all linked to the presence of the protocorm. This massive absorptive organ, homologous to a foot, in terms of its position in sporophyte ontogeny, but external to the parent gametophyte, derives its nutrition partly from photosynthesis and partly from its fungal endophyte. Key words: chloroplasts, Lycopodium, mycorrhiza, pteridophytes, root nodules, symbiosis, transfer cells.

Revealing the endophytic mycoflora in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves in Sri Lanka: the first comprehensive study

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 514 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
KASUN THAMBUGALA ◽  
DINUSHANI DARANAGAMA ◽  
SAGARIKA KANNANGARA ◽  
THENUKA KODITUWAKKU
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Rdna Sequence Data

Endophytic fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms that live asymptomatically in healthy tissues of host and they have been reported from all kinds of plant tissues such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. In this study, fungal endophytes associated with tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) were collected from Kandy, Kegalle, and Nuwara Eliya districts in Sri Lanka and were isolated, characterized, and identified. A total of twenty endophytic fungal isolates belonging to five genera were recovered and ITS-rDNA sequence data were used to identify them. All isolated endophytic fungal strains belong to the phylum Ascomycota and the majority of these isolates were identified as Colletotrichum species. Phyllosticta capitalensis was the most commonly found fungal endophyte in tea leaves and was recorded in all three districts where the samples were collected. This is the very first investigation on fungal endophytes associated with C. sinensis in Sri Lanka based on molecular sequence data. In addition, a comprehensive account of known endophytic fungi reported worldwide on Camellia sinensis is provided.

scholarly journals The putative lissamphibian stem-group: phylogeny and evolution of the dissorophoid temnospondyls

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer R. Schoch
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Stem Group ◽  
Phylogeny And Evolution

AbstractDissorophoid temnospondyls are widely considered to have given rise to some or all modern amphibians (Lissamphibia), but their ingroup relationships still bear major unresolved questions. An inclusive phylogenetic analysis of dissorophoids gives new insights into the large-scale topology of relationships. Based on a TNT 1.5 analysis (33 taxa, 108 characters), the enigmatic taxonPerryellais found to nest just outside Dissorophoidea (phylogenetic defintion), but shares a range of synapomorphies with this clade. The dissorophoids proper are found to encompass a first dichotomy between the largely paedomorphic Micromelerpetidae and all other taxa (Xerodromes). Within the latter, there is a basal dichotomy between the large, heavily ossified Olsoniformes (Dissorophidae + Trematopidae) and the small salamander-like Amphibamiformes (new taxon), which include four clades: (1) Micropholidae (Tersomius,Pasawioops,Micropholis); (2) Amphibamidae sensu stricto (Doleserpeton,Amphibamus); (3) Branchiosauridae (Branchiosaurus,Apateon,Leptorophus,Schoenfelderpeton); and (4) Lissamphibia. The generaPlatyrhinopsandEoscopusare here found to nest at the base of Amphibamiformes. Represented by their basal-most stem-taxa (Triadobatrachus,Karaurus,Eocaecilia), lissamphibians nest withGerobatrachusrather than Amphibamidae, as repeatedly found by former analyses.UUID:http://zoobank.org/dadf36db-e003-4af7-bfa7-44d79bc04450

scholarly journals First rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur from Asia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246620
Author(s):  
Alexander Averianov ◽  
Hans-Dieter Sues
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Caudal Vertebra

Dzharatitanis kingi gen. et sp. nov. is based on an isolated anterior caudal vertebra (USNM 538127) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Bissekty Formation at Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan. Phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon within the diplodocoid clade Rebbachisauridae. This is the first rebbachisaurid reported from Asia and one of the youngest rebbachisaurids in the known fossil record. The caudal is characterized by a slightly opisthocoelous centrum, ‘wing-like’ transverse processes with large but shallow PRCDF and POCDF, and the absence of a hyposphenal ridge and of TPRL and TPOL. The neural spine has high SPRL, SPDL, SPOL, and POSL and is pneumatized. The apex of neural spine is transversely expanded and bears triangular lateral processes. The new taxon shares with Demandasaurus and the Wessex rebbachisaurid a high SPDL on the lateral side of the neural spine, separated from SPRL and SPOL. This possibly suggests derivation of Dzharatitanis from European rebbachisaurids. This is the second sauropod group identified in the assemblage of non-avian dinosaurs from the Bissekty Formation, in addition to a previously identified indeterminate titanosaurian.

scholarly journals An early bothremydid (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Utah, North America

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter G. Joyce ◽  
Tyler R. Lyson ◽  
James I. Kirkland
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Depositional Settings ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Early Late

BackgroundBothremydidae is a clade of extinct pleurodiran turtles known from the Cretaceous to Paleogene of Africa, Europe, India, Madagascar, and North and South America. The group is most diverse during the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene of Africa. Little is known, however, about the early evolution of the group.MethodsWe here figure and describe a fossil turtle from early Late Cretaceous deposits exposed at MacFarlane Mine in Cedar Canyon, southwestern Utah, USA. The sediments associated with the new turtle are utilized to infer its stratigraphic provenience and the depositional settings in which it was deposited. The fossil is compared to previously described fossil pleurodires, integrated into a modified phylogenetic analysis of pelomedusoid turtles, and the biogeography of bothremydid turtles is reassessed. In light of the novel phylogenetic hypotheses, six previously established taxon names are converted to phylogenetically defined clade names to aid communication.ResultsThe new fossil turtle can be inferred with confidence to have originated from a brackish water facies within the late Cenomanian Culver Coal Zone of the Naturita Formation. The fossil can be distinguished from all other previously described pleurodires and is therefore designated as a new taxon,Paiutemys tibertgen. et. sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon as sister to the EuropeanPolysternon provinciale,Foxemys trabantiandFoxemys mechinorumat the base of Bothremydinae. Biogeographic analysis suggests that bothremydids originated as continental turtles in Gondwana, but that bothremydines adapted to near-shore marine conditions and therefore should be seen as having a circum-Atlantic distribution.

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