scholarly journals Liberalization of international air transportation markets: the effect of terrorism on market trends

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Dawna L Rhoades
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Air Transport Industry ◽  
Airline Deregulation ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
The Impact

Since the United States deregulated its airline industry with the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, the international air transport industry has been on a path toward market liberalization. Market changes have included entry, capacity, and pricing freedom as well as increased levels of foreign ownership. The recent terrorist acts of September 11, 2001 have the potential to alter, if not reverse this course. This paper examines the forces fueling the trend toward liberalization and analyzes the impact of recent events on the future prospects of open aviation markets.

History and Current Trends in the Electronic Cigarette Retail Marketplace in the United States: 2010–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cantrell ◽  
Jidong Huang ◽  
Marisa Greenberg ◽  
Jeffrey Willett ◽  
Elizabeth Hair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Industry Response ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction The US market for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has grown rapidly in the last decade. There is limited published evidence examining changes in the ENDS marketplace prior to the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) deeming rule in 2016. This study describes US ENDS retail market trends from 2010 to 2016. Methods National data were obtained from Nielsen retail scanners for five product types: (1) disposables, (2) rechargeables, (3) cartridge replacements, (4) e-liquid bottle refills, and (5) specialty vapor products. We examined dollar sales, volume, price, brand, and flavor. Results Adjusted national sales increased from $11.6 million in 2010 to $751.2 million in 2016. The annual rate of sales growth rapidly increased before slowing through 2015. The rate of growth spiked in 2016. Market share for menthol products and other assorted flavors increased from 20% in 2010 to 52.1% by 2016. NJOY’s early market dominance shifted as tobacco industry brands entered the market and eventually captured 87.8% of share by 2016. Rechargeables and accompanying products comprised an increased proportion of total volume sold over time while disposable volume declined. Specialty vapor products appeared at retail in 2015. Conclusions Findings show strong early growth in the ENDS retail market followed by considerable slowing over time, despite a slight uptick in 2016. Trends reflect shifts to flavored products, newer generation “open-system” devices, lower prices, and tobacco industry brands. This study provides a baseline against which to compare the impact of FDA’s 2016 deeming rule and future actions on the ENDS marketplace. Implications This study uses market scanner data from US retail outlets to describe trends in the ENDS retail market from 2010 to 2016, providing a baseline against which to compare the impact of FDA’s 2016 deeming rule and future actions on the ENDS marketplace. Understanding historical market trends is valuable in assessing how future regulatory efforts and advances in ENDS technology may impact industry response and consumer uptake and use.

Civil responsibility in air transport: a perspective after the uptodate Rome 1952 international treaty

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Artur Antonio Da Rocha ◽  
Antonio Henriques De Araujo Junior
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
Civil Responsibility ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Partial Damage

This paper analyzes the civil responsibility of air transport carriers in accordance with the “Unification Convention Rules for International Air Transportation”. The matter of civil responsibility is a complicated and conflicting theme for analysis due to the difficulty even greater to the additional problem of having to define responsibilities when a disaster of great proportions takes place. Contrary to other modes of transportation, in the case of air transport there is rarely partial damage (when an accident occurs), therefore it is important to remember that in an aeronautical accident, the damages (or sinister) are not partial, they are total. On the other hand, should be considered that the airline industry is global, in which parts of a whole can come from distant countries involving partners from different countries with different realities and legal liability. The existence of joint responsibility of partners involved in the airline industry is what is meant to identify with this article.

scholarly journals Determinants of financial distress in the European air transport industry: The moderating effect of being a flag-carrier

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259149
Author(s):  
Yin Shi ◽  
Xiaoni Li
Keyword(s):  
Financial Distress ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Air Transport Industry ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Due to the COVID-induced global collapse in demand for air travel, the year 2020 was a catastrophic one for the aviation industry. A dramatic drop in operating revenues along with continuing fixed expenses drained the cash reserves of airlines, with consequent risks of financial distress and, potentially, even of bankruptcy. Flag-carriers are a special group in the airline business—they are considered to have privileges in terms of the support given by governments while, on the other hand, are often viewed as having low efficiency and performance. This study aims to estimate for European airlines the interaction effect of being a flag-carrier (flagship) with the relationship between leverage, liquidity, profitability, and the degree of financial distress. Findings obtained from analysing 99 European airlines over a period of ten years, indicate that the negative influence of leverage on financial stability is higher in the case of flag carriers (flagship). The impact of liquidity and profitability on financial health is more positive for flagship than for non-flagship carriers. These findings are not limited to contributing to the existing literature, but also have significant practical implications for executives, managers, and policy makers in the European air transport sector.

scholarly journals Service value stream management (SVSM) - a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-855
Author(s):  
Delmo Alves de Moura ◽  
Victor Carneiro Bonadio
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Business Process Management ◽  
Process Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Value Stream ◽  
Stream Management ◽  
Air Transport Industry

Air transport accounts for a significant portion of all wealth production in the world. In the case of Brazil, although the air transport industry is undergoing profound changes because of the economic crisis, there is enormous potential for this market to resume growth, especially when compared to the number of passengers/inhabitant of already consolidated markets, such as the United States. However, to grow in this market, airlines need to be prepared to adapt to new dynamics and overcome the effects of the economy on the industry. This paper presents a case study of an airline that in the crisis period lost its market leadership and chose to restructure the business-to-business (B2B) sales department to achieve better results in its Business Process Management (BPM). It seeks to identify which factors led the company to lose this leadership from the perspective of its customers and propose a way to review internal processes, eliminating waste, so that the company can resume its position in the market. It has been applied lean service-focused concepts to raise possible causes, identifying and optimized internal sales department flows to create a more appropriate customer value proposition, and correcting for each type of waste mapped. The objective of this case study was to apply the concepts related to the Value Stream Map tool to reduce activities that do not add value, in a service area, of a large airline. The objective was to improve the company's Business Process Management, aiming at a lean, effective and efficient process, improving the organization's performance and competitiveness.

scholarly journals Study on Arrival Aircraft Sequencing Based on Optimization of Point Merge Procedure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Yong Tian ◽  
Can Xu ◽  
Mengyuan Sun ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Ruofei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Air Transport Industry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Terminal Area ◽  
Approach Route

With the air transport industry developing dramatically, the problem of flight congestion in the terminal area (TMA) has been aggravated. Particularly for arrival aircraft, the extraholding and delay not only increase the workload of air traffic controllers and aircrew but also reduce the operational efficiency. To struggle with this issue, it is crucial to study how to improve the operational efficiency of arrival aircraft. Under the background of the rapid promotion of Point Merge (PM) procedure program in the busy TMAs in the world, this paper firstly combines the optimization of PM procedure and arrival aircraft sequencing, aiming to maximize the operational benefits of arrival aircraft in TMA. Firstly, the framework of the PM procedure is set up to replace the traditional approach route known as Standard Instrument Arrival (STAR). After that, the PM procedure optimization model is established to provide a better approach route for each arrival aircraft. Then for a flow of arrival traffic, an aircraft sequencing model is established to readjust the landing sequence of arrival aircraft, thus further improving the operational benefits of arrival aircraft. Finally, taking the TMA of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport as the case, we compare the impact of different flight procedures and different landing sequences on the operational benefits of arrival aircraft. The experimental results show that the application of the PM procedure optimization model and sequencing model can effectively improve the operational benefits on the premise of ensuring safety, thus realizing the safe and orderly approach in TMA.

scholarly journals Towards a Theoretical Framework for the Allocation of Resources to African Air Transport

2020 ◽  
pp. 349-362
Author(s):  
Guy Leitch ◽  
Joel Chigada
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Connectivity Model ◽  
Gravity Model Of Trade ◽  
The Impact

Tourism is essential to Africa’s economic growth, yet it is constrained by the limitations of the airline industry. The African airline industry faces challenges which inhibit its ability to provide the level of air transport connectivity demanded to fully realise the potential of tourism, into and within, Africa. This study proposes a synoptic model which will enable the impact of the African airline industry’s challenges to be assessed in terms of their effect on the tourism industry. This then lays the groundwork for a remediation strategy. In this qualitative study, data was collected through C-Suite face-to-face interviews with purposively selected senior managers in the airline industry. The study revealed the key challenges facing the African airline industry and proposed a conceptual model to enable informed decisions for improving airline connectivity. The major contribution of the study is the development of a proposed African Air connectivity Model which quantifies a connectivity measure as a proxy for distance in the gravity model of trade.

US and EU agencies may push against Gulf airlines

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government ◽  
International Airline

Subject Prospects for government intervention in the airline industry. Significance The leading Gulf airlines -- Emirates, Qatar and Etihad -- have risen rapidly over the last decade to become major players in the world air transport business. This has been at the expense of long-haul carriers in the United States, Europe and Asia-Pacific. US and European airlines are demanding action that could threaten liberalisation of the international airline industry. Impacts Neither the US government nor EU authorities are likely to unravel the network of international air transport agreements. Yet both Democratic and Republican politicians will be sensitive to demands from core constituencies. Further airline industry liberalisation and growth of Gulf based airlines may therefore be delayed.

Treaties—Warsaw Convention—international air transportation—recovery of damages—loss of society—death in air crash—Death on the High Seas Act—maritime and admiralty law: Zicherman v. Korean Air Lines. 116 S.Ct. 629

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-658
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
High Seas

Petitioners Marjorie Zicherman and Muriel Mahalek sought damages from respondent Korean Air Lines (KAL) under the Warsaw Convention governing international air transport, for loss of society of a family member killed aboard a commercial airliner downed by a Soviet warplane. In a cross-petition, KAL requested a determination that the Death on the High Seas Act (DOHSA) prescribed damages recoverable under the Convention and did not allow damages to be recovered for loss of society. The Supreme Court (per Scalia, J.) affirmed in part and remanded in part and held unanimously that the Convention did not permit family members to recover loss-of-society damages because (1) Article 17 of the Convention provides for carrier liability in passenger deaths or injuries but leaves the crucial definition of legally cognizable harm to be determined by domestic courts; (2) in the United States, DOHSA prescribes the substantive law covering air crashes on the high seas; and (3) DOHSA permits only pecuniary damages.

scholarly journals Opening Up African Skies: The Case of Airline Industry Liberalization in East Africa

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaristus M. Irandu
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
East African ◽  
Member States ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Air Transport Industry ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
African Community ◽  
Opening Up

The three member states of the East African Community (EAC) have made great efforts in modernizing their air transport industry in order to meet the increased demand for international tourism and horticultural export trade. The policy adopted by the sub-region, at independence, to regulate the airline industry was the bilateralism approach with emphasis on reciprocity. Such a policy became a bottleneck in the development of the air transport industry in the sub-region. It became apparent that the EAC member states needed efficient air services and not airlines that served mainly as status symbols. However, the last decade witnessed the liberalization of the aviation sector in the sub-region. This liberalization process is part of a proactive policy to encourage global investment in the sub-region. This has led to the adoption of the Yamoussoukro Decision, which calls for the opening of the African skies. This paper, therefore, critically discusses the process of the airline industry liberalization and its prospects for success in the sub-region.

scholarly journals The Impact of Deregulation and Liberalization in the Nigerian Air Transport Industry: An Overview

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-68
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Olufemi Oluwakoya
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Air Transport Industry ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
External Sources ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The effect of globalization is fast showing its attendant effects on the Nigerian aviation industry leading to an increase in passengers’ traffic movement in Nigeria’s airports. More importantly, there seems to be a paradigm shift which affects ownership and administration of operation in the Nigerian aviation industry. This study examines among others the impact of deregulation and liberalization in the Nigerian air transport industry; the effects of the latter on operation and control changes that affect operational efficiency in the airline business; and the impacts of liberalization on attracting foreign direct investment and foreign airline participation in the Nigerian aviation industry. The methodology used for this study is documentary research, which entails search of existing published and unpublished documents and databases of stakeholders in the Nigerian aviation industry and external sources with affinity to the sector. The results of this study reveal that an unprecedented growth has been recorded in Nigeria. It includes among others: healthy competition needed for growth and development; increased participation in the industry by foreign airlines; increased foreign direct investment in the airline business and airport infrastructure development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document