THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ON THE SEX-TYPED ATTRIBUTES OF COLLEGE FEMALES

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aletha Huston Stein
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
College Females ◽  
School Plans

The study tested the hypothesis that differences in maternal sex-typed behavior manifested by employment outside the home and by advanced educational attainment would be related to the sex-typed characteristics of daughters. Subjects were 43 female undergraduates. The amount the mother had worked was positively related to the daughter's masculine personality characteristics, her plans for attending graduate school, plans for working after marriage, and negatively related to some feminine personality characteristics. These relationships did not depend on the amount of identification. The mother's educational attainment was not related to any of the daughter's characteristics.

scholarly journals Excessive drinking and drug use during college: Prospective associations with graduate school plans and attendance

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Amelia M. Arria ◽  
Hannah K. Allen ◽  
Kimberly M. Caldeira ◽  
Kathryn B. Vincent ◽  
Kevin E. O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Excessive Drinking ◽  
School Plans

The educational attainment of the children of stay-at-home mothers: evidence from the Irish Marriage Bar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Mosca ◽  
Vincent O’Sullivan ◽  
Robert E Wright
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Instrumental Variable Estimation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between maternal employment and the educational attainment of children is examined using data from the third wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Because maternal employment is potentially endogenous with respect to child educational attainment, instrumental variable estimation is used. In this analysis, two sets of instruments are used based on whether the mother’s employment was affected by the Marriage Bar that was in place at that time in Ireland. A Marriage Bar is the requirement that women in certain jobs must leave that job when they marry. It is found that the probability that a child completes university is 1–3 percentage points lower for each additional year of maternal employment during the first 18 years of the child’s life.

scholarly journals National Family Policies and Mothers’ Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Hook ◽  
Eunjeong Paek
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
National Family ◽  
Paid Parental Leave

Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers’ employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across country contexts and within countries by mothers’ educational attainment. We hypothesize that family policies interact with national levels of earnings inequality to differentially affect mothers’ employment outcomes by educational attainment. We develop hypotheses about the two most commonly studied family policies—early childhood education and care (ECEC) and paid parental leave. We test these hypotheses by establishing a novel linkage between the EU-Labour Force Survey and the Current Population Survey 1999 to 2016 ( n = 23 countries, 299 country-years, 1.2 million mothers of young children), combined with an original collection of country-year indicators. Using multilevel models, we find that ECEC spending is associated with a greater likelihood of maternal employment, but the association is strongest for non-college-educated mothers in high-inequality settings. The length of paid parental leave over six months is generally associated with a lower likelihood of maternal employment, but the association is most pronounced for mothers in high-inequality settings. We call for greater attention to the role of earnings inequality in shaping mothers’ employment and conditioning policy effects.

Great Aspirations: The Graduate School Plans of America's College Seniors.

1966 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Newcomb ◽  
James A. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
College Seniors ◽  
School Plans

scholarly journals Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment: How Important Are Children’s Personality Characteristics?

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422199677
Author(s):  
Anne Christine Holtmann ◽  
Laura Menze ◽  
Heike Solga
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Educational Aspirations ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The University ◽  
Educational Transmission

This study examines the role of a wide range of personality characteristics—such as the Big Five personality traits, self-esteem, goal pursuit/adjustment, social behavior, and educational aspirations—for the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment in Germany, and compares their relative importance with that of cognitive skills. We use information on more than 8,000 students from the German National Educational Panel Study. We find that personality characteristics do not mediate the association between parents’ and children’s attainment of the university entrance qualification (the Abitur) by age 19/20. Only educational aspirations are a strong mediator for intergenerational educational transmission. A few personality characteristics moderate intergenerational educational transmission, and they do so in favor of children with high-educated parents either as Matthew effects or compensatory advantages. In contrast to personality characteristics, cognitive skills act as strong mediators, while moderation is rather weak when accounting for personality characteristics—but again, they work in favor of privileged children. Our German study reveals similarities but also differences compared with the mostly U.S.- and U.K.-based research and inspires to rethink the importance of personality characteristics and cognitive skills for intergenerational education attainment.

scholarly journals Parental Educational Attainment and Frequency of Marijuana Use in Youth: Hispanics’ Diminished Returns

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. p47
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari, MD MPH ◽  
Jonathan Schaefer, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
White Youth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment ◽  
Hispanic White

Background: While socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment show robust associations with health behaviors such as substance use, the protective effects of these indicators may differ across racial groups. This phenomenon of weaker associations between SES indicators and health outcomes for marginalized and minoritized groups relative to non-Hispanic White people has been labeled “Marginalization-related Diminished Returns” (MDRs). Here, we test both whether parental educational attainment is associated with marijuana use frequency in youth as well as whether we observe racial and ethnic variation in this association consistent with MDRs. Methods: This study used data from the cross-sectional 2019 Monitoring the Future survey (MTF 2019). Participants included 29,230 youth who were either Hispanic (24.1%), non-Hispanic Black (16.1%), or non-Hispanic White (59.9%). We used weighted logistic regression models to test for (1) associations between maternal educational attainment and youth cannabis use frequency as well as (2) moderation of this association by race/ethnicity, while adjusting for the complex sample design of the MTF 2019 data. Age, sex, father presence, and maternal employment were entered into models as covariates. Results: Overall, children born to mothers with higher educational attainment reported less frequent marijuana use than peers born to mothers with lower educational attainment. However, this association was significantly weaker in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic White youth. Conclusion: The strength of the association between parental educational attainment and youth marijuana use frequency appears to differ across ethnic groups. Specifically, we observed that whereas non-Hispanic White youth from high-SES families tend to report less marijuana use than peers from lower-SES families, Hispanic youth report roughly equal levels of use across the full SES spectrum. This finding is in line with the MDRs framework and may reflect factors such as structural racism, social stratification, and the marginalization of ethnic minority families in the US.

Correlates of Intuitive Thinking

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-613E ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm R. Westcott ◽  
Jane H. Ranzoni
Keyword(s):  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
College Females ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Intuitive Thinking ◽  
Intellectual Capacity

Five kinds of data were gathered on various groups of college females who differ in their approach to and success in solving problems. Ss high and low on intuitiveness and on success, as defined here, were studied in some detail Usual measures of intellectual capacity and standard personality measures discriminated only slightly between the groups, but more detailed study of the personality scales, interviews, and self-concept materials revealed these groups to have clearly distinguishable patterns of personality characteristics.

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