Rootstock Characteristics of Three Combinations of Theobroma cacao L. Crosses on Different Water Availability

Climate change is universal phenomena which is importantly anticipated including cocoa plantation. Drought tolerance cocoa seedling is urgently neededto develop cocoa plantation. This paper studied possible drought tolerance of cocoa seedling through crossing between female parent KKM 22 with three maleparents BAL 209, KW 641, and KW 614. Progeny test was conducted in green house based on four water availability conditions: 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Root condition was recorded as rootstock parameters of three crossings. Result showed that root characteristics varied among crossing samples studied. The longestand hight volume root were recorded from KKM 22 x BAL 209 crossing. Seedling of KKM 22 x BAL 209 crossing tended to have long and wide root, while seedling of KKM 22 x KW 641 crossing tended to have a wide root type and seedling of KKM 22 x KW 614 tended to have a long root type. Based on drought tolerancy, seedling of KKM 22 x KW 641 crossing could be classified as drought tolerance while other two group progenies could be classified as susceptible to drought.To conclude, seedling of KKM 22 x KW 641 can be recommended for cocoa plantation in drought area.

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(Agronomical and anatomical study of resulted early cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) grafting

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v21i1.123 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adi Prawoto ◽

Nurul Qomariyah ◽

Sri Rahayu ◽

Bambang Kusmanadhi

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Phytophthora Palmivora ◽

Graft Union ◽

Climate Type ◽

C And N ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Plantation

Cocoa grafting and budding is usually carried out on 4-5 month old seedling, thus it needs 9-12 months to be ready tranplanted to the field. Effort to shorten time in the nursery can be done by early propagation. The aim of this research was to study effect of clones, tying and foliar application of grafsticks on the percentage of graftake. This study was carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, 45 m a.s.l. and D climate type (Schmidt & Ferguson). First experiment was RCBD design and replicated 3 times, and factorial treatment 4 x 3. The first factor were clones, i.e. TSH 858, ICS 13, ICS 60 and DR 2, the second factor was grafstick wiring, i.e. without, wiring 2 and 4 weeks before using. The 2nd experiment using RCBD design replicated 3 times and factorial treatment 3 x 3 x 2. The first factor was clones, i.e. KW 162, KW 163 and KW 165; the second ones was wiring, i.e. without, wiring 2 and 4 weeks before using, and the 3rd factor was manuring, i.e. with and without foliar application. Rootstock was ICS 60 seedlings of 30 day old, and grafting method was cleft grafting above cotyledons. Variables observed include C and N total of the grafstick, percentage of graftake, shoot length, diameter, wet and dry weight. The result showed that because the grafstick flush periodically, graftstick wiring was not effective to increase total nutrient (C and N) on the grafstick. Furthermore, their effect on the graftake was not significant. Until 30 days first, percentage of graftake was 90-100%, but then decreased sharply to 30-60% depend on the clones. From the first experiment, DR 2 showed the highest graftake (62%), and KW 162 (39%) was the 2nd ones. Symptom on the death plants was started on the new leaves, that showed wilt, necrotic then fall. Isolation of those symptoms in the laboratory showed that Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora palmivora and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Anatomical analysis of the death graft union showed parenchymatous linked, weak and hollow when microtomised. Health union showed lignified accumulation that made tight union. It can be concluded that early cocoa grafting will success if the nursery is separated far from cocoa plantation, the medium is steril from soil borne disease, the graftstick is health, and tying of graft union must tight enough, then disease control must be done properly.Key Words : Theobroma cacao, clone, wiring, graft union, graftake.

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The physiology of drought stress in grapevine: towards an integrative definition of drought tolerance

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (16) ◽

pp. 4658-4676 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gregory A Gambetta ◽

Jose Carlos Herrera ◽

Silvina Dayer ◽

Quishuo Feng ◽

Uri Hochberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Water Availability ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Fruit Crop ◽

Crop Varieties ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Impact

Abstract Water availability is arguably the most important environmental factor limiting crop growth and productivity. Erratic precipitation patterns and increased temperatures resulting from climate change will likely make drought events more frequent in many regions, increasing the demand on freshwater resources and creating major challenges for agriculture. Addressing these challenges through increased irrigation is not always a sustainable solution so there is a growing need to identify and/or breed drought-tolerant crop varieties in order to maintain sustainability in the context of climate change. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera), a major fruit crop of economic importance, has emerged as a model perennial fruit crop for the study of drought tolerance. This review synthesizes the most recent results on grapevine drought responses, the impact of water deficit on fruit yield and composition, and the identification of drought-tolerant varieties. Given the existing gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying grapevine drought responses, we aim to answer the following question: how can we move towards a more integrative definition of grapevine drought tolerance?

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Genetic variation and relationship of traits related to drought tolerance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under shade and no-shade conditions in Ghana

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/s10681-014-1228-8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 201 (3) ◽

pp. 411-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

A. Ofori ◽

F. K. Padi ◽

K. Acheampong ◽

S. Lowor

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

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Carbono en biomasa aérea, sistema agroforestal de Theobroma cacao L. laboratorio natural, los laureles 2018

Revista Universitaria del Caribe ◽

10.5377/ruc.v24i01.9914 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (01) ◽

pp. 98-106

Author(s):

Arturo Roberto Avellán Rivera ◽

Enrique Barreto Dolin ◽

Efraín De Jesús Peralta Tercero

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

El Sistema ◽

Theobroma Cacao L

El estudio se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el carbono almacenado en biomasa aérea del sistema agroforestal (SAF) del laboratorio natural Los Laureles de URACCAN en la comunidad de Hormiguero, municipio de Siuna, en el cual se utilizó el método (no destructivo) mediante aplicación de porcentaje de carbono (50%) sobre la biomasa seca, sugerido por Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Winrock International, La Organización de Naciones Unidas – Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries. El estudio es cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal.El sistema agroforestal es secuencial, con una extensión de 2.84 ha, en el cual se realizó un inventario al 100% de árboles forestales y frutales; sin embargo, en el cacao se realizó un muestro con una intensidad de 8.45% distribuyendo 12 parcelas rectangulares de 10 por 20 m distribuidas sistemáticamente a un distanciamiento de 48.65 m entre parcela. El Sistema tiene una biomasa aérea de 10.35 toneladas (t), distribuidas de la siguiente manera: árboles frutales, 0.44 t.; especies forestales, 4.70 t. y cacao, 5.21 t. Es una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal.El sistema agroforestal como banco de almacenamiento de carbono hasta el momento de la recolección de datos tenía 1.44 t carbono por hectárea (C/ha) acumuladas en biomasa aérea de especies forestales y frutales; por otro lado, el componente cacao en su biomasa aérea posee 1.47 t C/ha, con un total de 2.91 t C/ha. El valor económico ambiental del almacenamiento de carbono en el laboratorio natural Los Laureles es de $53.36 por hectárea.

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DAMPAK APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA PERMETRIN TERHADAP HAMA PENGISAP BIJAIJ HELOPELTIS SPP. (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) DAN ARTROPODA NON-TARGET PADA PERTANAMAN KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.148-12 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12

Author(s):

Rosma Hasibuan ◽

I Gede Swibawa ◽

Lestari Wibowo ◽

Sudi Pramono ◽

Agus M Hariri

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Plant ◽

Insecticide Application ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Important Pest ◽

Four Blocks ◽

And Control ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Plantation

Impact of Permethrin-Insecticide Application on Mirid Pest of Cocoa Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and on Non-target Arthropods in Cocoa Plantations (Theobroma cacao L.). Cocoa mirid bugs, Helopeltis spp., (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the most important pest of cocoa in Indonesia. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of permethrin on cocoa mirids and non-target arthropods at a cocoa plantation in specific place. A randomized complete block design was used in which each of four blocks consisted of 5 treatments (4 concentrations of permethrin; 50; 100; 200; and 250 ppm and control). The results indicated that the application of permethrin significantly increased the cocoa mirids mortaliiy throughout all sprayed cocoa trees (up to 100% 72 h after application). Even at 1 h after application, the percentage of Cocoa mirids mortality 29.2% - 53.9%) on cocoa trees sprayed with permethrin at concentrations of 50 - 250 ppm was significantly higher than that on control plant (3.6%). At 72 h after treatments, application of permethrin at concentrations of 200 and 250 ppm caused a complete kill (mortalty of 100%) in the test mirids. Meanwhile, ground cloths caught at least 22 fanilies of abore-ground arthropods that were found killed by permethrin applications. Moreover, the number of non-target arthropods killed by permethrin at concentrations of 100 - 250 ppm (27.3 - 85.3 individuals/ground cloth) were signifcantly higher than that on control trees. These results demonstrated that despite high efficacy of permethrin in controlling of cocoa mirids (Hetopeltis spp.), its application also had adverse effects on non-target arthropods incocoa plantations.

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Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna as Ecosystem Engineers in Small-Holder Cocoa Plantation in South Konawe

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2012.v17i2.173-180 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 173 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laode Muhammad Harjoni Kilowasid ◽

Tati Suryati Syamsudin ◽

Franciscus Xaverius Susilo ◽

Endah Sulistyawati

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Functioning ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Soil Fauna ◽

Ecosystem Engineers ◽

Biotic Interaction ◽

Ecological Diversity ◽

One Year ◽

Small Holder ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Cocoa Plantation

Taxa diversity within soil fauna functional groups can affected ecosystem functioning such as ecosystem engineers,which influence decomposition and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to describe ecological diversityvariation within soil fauna as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystem of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation.Sampling was conducted during one year period from five different ages of plantation. Soil fauna removed from soilcore using hand sorting methods. A total of 39 genera of soil fauna as ecosystem engineers were found during thesestudies. Thirty five genera belong to the group of Formicidae (ants), three genera of Isoptera (termites), and onegenera of Oligochaeta (earthworms). Ecological diversity variation within ecosystem engineers was detected withSimpson indices for dominance and evenness. The highest diversity of ecosystem engineers was in the young ageof plantation. This study reinforces the importance biotic interaction which contributed to the distribution andabundance within soil fauna community as ecosystem engineers in small-holder cocoa plantation.[How to Cite: Kilowasid LMH, TS Syamsudin, FX Susilo and E Sulistyawati. 2012. Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna as Ecosystem Engineers in Small-Holder Cocoa Plantation in South Konawe. J Trop Soils 17 (2): 173-180. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.173] [Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.173]

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Indication of Xenia Effect on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v27i3.155 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Indah Anita-Sari ◽

Agung Wahyu Susilo

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Female Parent ◽

Cocoa Bean ◽

Cocoa Beans ◽

Hand Pollination ◽

Pale Colour ◽

Dark Colour ◽

Colour Parameters ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Bean Weight

Cocoa plant generally is classified as cross pollinated plant and self-incompatible plant, then there is indication the presence of pollen influence on cocoa bean quality. This study was aimed to determine the effect of pollen sources (xenia) on the colour and size characters of fresh cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). This study was done on two stages. The first stage, a treatment of hand pollination of cocoa clones of DR 1, DR 2, DRC 16, KW 264 and ICCRI 03 was applied in this study. There were five treatments of hand pollination: DR 2 x DR 1, DRC 16 x DR 1, DRC 16 X KW 264, DR 1 x DR 2 and ICCRI 03 x DRC 16. Each treatment was repeated four times. Colour parameters of fresh cocoa beans were observed. The second stage consisted of nine hand pollination combinations: TSH 858 x Sulawesi 1, TSH 858 x ICCRI 03, TSH 858 x KW 264, TSH 858 x KW 570, TSH 858 x Sca 6, Sulawesi 1 x TSH 858, Sulawesi 1 x Sca 6, Sulawesi 1 x KW 570 and KW 516 x Sca 6. Each treatment was repeated three times. Size parameters of fresh cocoa pod and beans were observed. The result showed that hybridization using pollen source from bulk cocoa and DR 1 contributed dark colour to fineflavored cocoa. This colour contribution was showed by the increase in the dark fresh percentage of cocoa beans. On the other hand, hybridization using pollen source from fine-flavored cocoa contributed white and pale colour to bulk cocoa. This light colour contribution was showed by the decrease in the percentage of the dark fresh beans. Xenia effect occured on pod weight, pod length, pod girth, bean weight with pulp per pod and bean weight without pulp per pod which was shown by the hybridization with TSH 858 as female parent and weight bean without pulp per pod shown by the hybridization with THS 858 and Sulawesi 1 as female parent. Key word: Xenia, fresh beans colour, fresh beans size, Theobroma cacao L.

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