scholarly journals DAMPAK APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA PERMETRIN TERHADAP HAMA PENGISAP BIJAIJ HELOPELTIS SPP. (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) DAN ARTROPODA NON-TARGET PADA PERTANAMAN KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Rosma Hasibuan ◽  
I Gede Swibawa ◽  
Lestari Wibowo ◽  
Sudi Pramono ◽  
Agus M Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Insecticide Application ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
And Control ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Impact of Permethrin-Insecticide Application on Mirid Pest of Cocoa Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) and on Non-target  Arthropods in Cocoa Plantations (Theobroma cacao L.). Cocoa mirid bugs, Helopeltis spp., (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the most important pest of cocoa in Indonesia. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of permethrin on cocoa mirids and non-target arthropods at a cocoa plantation in specific place. A randomized complete block design was used in which each of four blocks consisted of 5 treatments (4 concentrations of permethrin; 50; 100; 200; and 250 ppm and control). The results indicated that the application of permethrin significantly increased the cocoa mirids mortaliiy throughout all sprayed cocoa trees (up to 100% 72 h after application). Even at 1 h after application, the percentage of Cocoa mirids mortality 29.2% - 53.9%) on cocoa trees sprayed with permethrin at concentrations of 50 - 250 ppm was significantly higher than that on control plant (3.6%). At 72 h after treatments, application of permethrin at concentrations of 200 and 250 ppm caused a complete kill (mortalty of 100%) in the test mirids. Meanwhile, ground cloths caught at least 22 fanilies of abore-ground arthropods that were found killed by permethrin applications. Moreover, the number of non-target arthropods killed by permethrin at concentrations of 100 - 250 ppm (27.3 - 85.3 individuals/ground cloth) were signifcantly higher than that on control trees. These results demonstrated that despite high efficacy of permethrin in controlling of cocoa mirids (Hetopeltis spp.), its application also had adverse effects on non-target arthropods incocoa plantations.

scholarly journals Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

2021 ◽  
pp. 45939
Author(s):  
Vicente Anzules-Toala ◽  
Elvis Pazmiño-Bonilla ◽  
Leonel Alvarado-Huamán ◽  
Ricardo Borjas-Ventura ◽  
Viviana Castro-Cepero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income.

scholarly journals (Agronomical and anatomical study of resulted early cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) grafting

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Prawoto ◽  
Nurul Qomariyah ◽  
Sri Rahayu ◽  
Bambang Kusmanadhi
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Climate Type ◽  
C And N ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Cocoa grafting and budding is usually carried out on 4-5 month old seedling, thus it needs 9-12 months to be ready tranplanted to the field. Effort to shorten time in the nursery can be done by early propagation. The aim of this research was to study effect of clones, tying and foliar application of grafsticks on the percentage of graftake. This study was carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, 45 m a.s.l. and D climate type (Schmidt & Ferguson). First experiment was RCBD design and replicated 3 times, and factorial treatment 4 x 3. The first factor were clones, i.e. TSH 858, ICS 13, ICS 60 and DR 2, the second factor was grafstick wiring, i.e. without, wiring 2 and 4 weeks before using. The 2nd experiment using RCBD design replicated 3 times and factorial treatment 3 x 3 x 2. The first factor was clones, i.e. KW 162, KW 163 and KW 165; the second ones was wiring, i.e. without, wiring 2 and 4 weeks before using, and the 3rd factor was manuring, i.e. with and without foliar application. Rootstock was ICS 60 seedlings of 30 day old, and grafting method was cleft grafting above cotyledons. Variables observed include C and N total of the grafstick, percentage of graftake, shoot length, diameter, wet and dry weight. The result showed that because the grafstick flush periodically, graftstick wiring was not effective to increase total nutrient (C and N) on the grafstick. Furthermore, their effect on the graftake was not significant. Until 30 days first, percentage of graftake was 90-100%, but then decreased sharply to 30-60% depend on the clones. From the first experiment, DR 2 showed the highest graftake (62%), and KW 162 (39%) was the 2nd ones. Symptom on the death plants was started on the new leaves, that showed wilt, necrotic then fall. Isolation of those symptoms in the laboratory showed that Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora palmivora and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Anatomical analysis of the death graft union showed parenchymatous linked, weak and hollow when microtomised. Health union showed lignified accumulation that made tight union. It can be concluded that early cocoa grafting will success if the nursery is separated far from cocoa plantation, the medium is steril from soil borne disease, the graftstick is health, and tying of graft union must tight enough, then disease control must be done properly.Key Words : Theobroma cacao, clone, wiring, graft union, graftake.

scholarly journals Growth Performance of Lettuce Using Fermented Products as Organic Fertilizers

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Kareen Lynn E. Negado
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Lettuce Seeds ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fermented Products

This study evaluates the growth performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) utilizing various fermented products as organic fertilizers. Growth performance is determined through the plant’s weight and leaves and significant differences in growth among various treatments: (a) fish trash, (b) scrap seaweeds, (c) kangkong, and control groups urea (positive) and water (negative) was also determined. Kangkong leaves are fermented for 10 days, fish trash for 14 days and 1 month for seaweeds. Lettuce seeds are sown before transplanting (15 days after germination) into pots and placed in raised beds. Randomized complete block design is utilized in the experiment. Growth performance is measured through the number of leaves 10, 20, and 30 days after transplant and mass of plant upon harvest. After 30 days, the lettuce was harvested. Based on the findings, the soil and fermented products are acidic and the needed organic matter for optimum growth of lettuce are not sufficient as well as some nutrients of the fermented products. Among the organic fertilizers, kangkong at 30 ml performs best in terms of the growth performance of lettuce. Urea performs best in terms of the mass upon harvest. Significant differences exist in the mean number of leaves of lettuce treated with various amounts of organic fertilizers with the plants that receive urea. Lettuce produce more number of leaves and with the highest mass upon harvest when treated with urea compared with organic fertilizers applied after 30 days from transplant. Keywords: fermented kangkong; fish trash; growth performance; lettuce; scrap seaweeds

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kompos dan Mikoriza Terhadap Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao ( Theobroma cacao. L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Vina Utami ◽  
Ilyas Ilyas ◽  
Munawar Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Glomus Sp

Abstrak. Pemberian kompos dan mikoriza merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit kakao dan dapat memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah.  Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial yang terdiri atas dua faktor ( kompos dan  jenis mikoriza) dengan pola 3 x 3 dan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor tunggal kompos berpengaruh nyata terhadap N-total dan tinggi tanaman namun tidak nyata terhadap pH, C- organik, P- tersedia, Kdd, KTK, diameter batang dan luas daun. Perlakuan mikoriza secara tunggal  serta kombinasi antara kompos dan mikoriza tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap sifat kimia tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu 30 g kompos dan 10 g jenis mikoriza Glomus sp + Giga spora. The Effect of  Compost and Mycorrhizal on Changes in  Soil Chemical Properties and Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)Abstract. Provision of compost and mycorrhizae is one alternative to increase the growth of cacao seedlings and can improve soil chemical properties. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors (compost and mycorrhizal type) with a 3 x 3 pattern and three replications. The results of this study indicate that the single compost factor had a significant effect on total N and plant height but was not significant for pH, organic matter, P-available, Kdd, CEC, stem diameter and leaf area. Single mycorrhizal treatment and the combination of compost and mycorrhizae did not significantly affect soil chemistry and plant growth. The best treatments were 30 g of compost and 10 g of mycorrhizal Glomus sp + Giga spore

scholarly journals Pengaruh Konsentrasi Liquor Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Karakteristik Krim Berbahan Aktif Ekstrak Kunyit dan Daun Asam

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Monica Rusiyantoro ◽  
Sri Mulyani ◽  
I Wayan Arnata
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Separation Ratio ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The concentrations of cocoa liquor is an alternative to increase phenolic compounds and at the same time as a natural coloring agent in creams. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of the cocoa liquor on the characteristics of the cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaves and to determine the cocoa liquor concentration to produce the best characteristics of the cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaves. This study used a randomized block design with 6 levels of cocoa liquor concentration of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. The variables observed were homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, separation ratio, adhesion, L*, a*, b* color test, and total phenol of the cream. The results showed that the treatment of cocoa liquor concentration had a very significant effect on pH, viscosity, adhesion, dispersion, L*, a*, b* color tes, total phenol test, and organoleptic color test. Meanwhile, the treatment of cocoa liquor concentration had a significant effect on the separation ratio of the cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaf. The results of this study indicate that the concentration of cocoa liquor as much as 4% produces a cream with the active ingredient of turmeric and tamarind leaves with the best characteristics that are homogeneous with pH 6.13, viscosity 15333cp and, adhesion 2.39sec, spreadability 7.18cm, separation ratio 0.95, color test values L * 15.39, the values of a * 11.55, the values of b * 13.92, with the organoleptic test for color preferences 5.1. Keywords: Liquor cacao, turmeric, tamarind leave, cream characteristics

scholarly journals Cotton and fiber quality in function of picker harvest speed

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth H. Kazama ◽  
Rouverson P. da Silva ◽  
Antônio T. S. Ormond ◽  
Aline S. Alcântara ◽  
Welington G. do Vale
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Spindle System ◽  
Cotton Price ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Time Of Harvest

ABSTRACT Cotton price is determined by the quality of the fiber, which can be damaged at the time of harvest, in addition to quantitative losses of non-harvested plume. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse soil and plant losses, and the quality of cotton fiber in relation to five harvest speeds (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 km h-1) in the spindle system (picker). The experiment was conducted in Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A randomized complete block design was used on plots of 0.9 ha, with 20 plot, five speeds, and four blocks. The results showed that the studied speeds did not significantly influence losses on the soil and plant, or the quality of the cotton fiber; therefore, the highest speed may be recommended.

scholarly journals 79 Seeing the whole picture: Utilizing GPS technology to determine distance and time calves devote to walking post-weaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Kirsten Nickles ◽  
Alejandro E Relling ◽  
Anthony Parker
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Gps Technology ◽  
Animal Activity ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
And Control

Abstract Common weaning practices in today’s beef industry involve discontinuation of the cow-calf social and nutritional bond. When this bond is discontinued, atypical behaviors of walking and vocalizing are immediately observed in the calf that negatively affect calf welfare. Global positioning systems (GPS) provide an opportunity to quantify the effects of animal activity on welfare. Utilizing GPS technology, we are able to determine total distance walked, speed, total time walking, or total time not walking and the interactions with calf production. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a familiar trainer animal on calf production during weaning and more specifically, common weaning behaviors such as walking utilizing a Garmin® product. A total of 80 Angus x Simmental heifer calves were used in this study. In all four replications, heifer calves were allotted to each treatment group (n = 10), trainer animal or control (TR, CON) on the day of weaning. Calves in the TR group were placed on pasture at weaning with the familiar trainer animal, and control calves were placed in a similar size pasture without a trainer animal. Each calf was also fitted with their own GPS collar that recorded on days 0, 7, and 14 relative to initiation of the study for a full 24 hours before removal. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). Placing calves with a familiar trainer animal decreased the distance calves walked (P = 0.001) as well as the amount of time calves were walking (P = 0.001). Placing a familiar trainer animal with calves at weaning, therefore, has an effect on walking distance and amount of time calves devote to walking.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effectiveness of different herbicides on weed invasion in the fields of triticale

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parviz Sharifi Ziveh ◽  
Vahid Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
And Control

Abstract One of the factors limiting crop growth is weeds. The weeds lead to a reduced performance of the crops. Chemical control methods are considered appropriate for controlling weeds. Therefore, in the fight to control weeds in triticale, the performance of the dual-purpose herbicide sulfosulfuron(Apirus®), mesosulfuron + idosulfuron(Atlantis®), metsulfuron methyl+sulfosulfuron(Total®) with surfactant and isoproton + diflufenican(Panther®) from the sulfonylurea group, and narrow leaf herbicides clodinafobpropargyl( Topik®), pinoxaden(New Axial®), diclofop-methyl(Iloxan®), pinoxaden + clodinafob-propagyl (Traxos ®), fenoxaprop-pethyl + mefen-pyper-d-ethyl(PumaSuper®), tralkoksidim(Grasb®) with 1 liter oil, flam-prop-m-isopropyl(Suffix BW®), and control treatment without herbicides were evaluated. The test was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spraying was carried out using a back sprayer. For evaluation of ocular damage, the European Weed Research Council (EWRC) standard method was used. According to the performed studies, the narrow leaves of wild oat and barnyard grass were the dominant weeds. Results showed that all herbicide, except the herbicide tralkoksidim, were effective in weed control. The triticale yield was maintained with the use of these herbicides and none of herbicide had an adverse effect on the crop. In the first weeks of herbicide use, the triticale leaves appeared pale but this problem resolved over time. It seems that the herbicides discussed in this paper can be used on the triticale plant.

scholarly journals Yield performance of the cocoa clones of Sca 6 and DRC 15 resistant to vascular-streak dieback

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Susilo ◽  
Surip Mawardi ◽  
Sudarsianto Sudarsianto
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Stability Performance ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Selection on cocoa resistance to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) has identified some resistant clones for breeding purposes. Of the resistant clones, it was selected Sca 6 and DRC 15 which performing good potential for yield. This paper reports results on testing yield potential of the clones in separate trials. Sca 6 was tested in Kottablater Estate (dry climate in the altitude of ± 25 m asl.) and DRC 15 was tested in Mumbulsari Estate (dry climate in the altitude of ± 45 m asl.) both are in Jember. Trials were arranged in the randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. Evaluation for yield performance was conducted during 6 years of harvest and stability performance was analyzed in regression term using year of harvest as the index. The results indicate the yield potential of the clones was quite similar in the level of 1.4 kg/plant and performing stability during evaluation and good adaptability in the location. The yield potential was lower than the high yielding clones but use of Sca 6 and DRC 15 in heavily infasted VSD area should be considered than using of the susceptible clones. Sca 6 performed low potential on a dry-weight bean in the range of 0.65—0.86 g (class C of quality standard) but better performance could be found in the wet area. DRC 15 performed good potential on a dryweight bean of 1.16 g (class AA of quality standard). Fat content analysis of Sca 6 indicate a better performance of beans which grown up in the wet area (58.2%) than in the dry area (49.6%). It was reported the fat content potential of DRC 15 in the level of 50.4%. Key words: Yield performance, vascular-streak dieback, resistant clone, Theobroma cacao L.

scholarly journals Impact of paddy straw mulch on germination and growth of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seedlings and associated weeds in nursery

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
A. S. Brar ◽  
P. K. Sraw ◽  
B. S. Dhillon
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
And Control ◽  
Germination And Growth

A study was undertaken during three consecutive rabi seasons of 2014–15 to 2016–17 at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab) to determine the effect of paddy straw mulch load and retention time on the germination and growth of celery and associated weeds. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with nine treatments viz., paddy straw mulch @ 4 and 6 t ha-1 with retention time of 15, 20, 25 days after sowing (DAS), full time retention (60 DAS), and control (without mulch). The results indicated that application of paddy straw mulch @ 4 or 6 t ha-1 significantly improved the germination of celery in nursery as compared to no mulch treatment but retention of paddy straw mulch beyond 20 days after sowing suppressed the celery seedlings adversely resulting in lowering seedling population as well as fresh and dry weight of celery seedlings. Application of paddy straw mulch @ 4 or 6 t ha-1 resulted in significantly lower density and dry weight of weeds as compared to control. Further, each successive increase in retention time of paddy straw mulch from 15 DAS to full time retention (60 DAS) through 20 and 25 DAS significantly reduced the weed population in celery nursery.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document