Culinary preparation and processing of meat with wooden breast myopathy

Recently, poultry meat production and consumption has become increased worldwide. Decades of intensive selection in poultry breeding resulted in fast-growing broilers, improved food conversion, low production costs, and high yield of breast meat, as the most valuable part of the carcass. Some side-effects of intensive production and rapid growth of broilers include the appearance of myopathies in breast muscle. Increasing attention has been paid to the defect known as "wooden breast" (WB) due its incidence and severity of anomaly. WB is characterized by the hardness and pale colour of the fillet. These changes lower the consumer acceptance of the meat, and a pronounced WB is unsuitable for culinary and industrial processing. Different procedures can be used to tenderize the meat and include physical and chemical procedures, often combined in industry. Physical procedures comprise the application of heating, mechanical force, ultrasound, electric stimulation, hydrodynamic shock wave-pressure technology, high pressure processing, and pulsed electric field. Chemical procedures include marinating, exposure to the endogenous enzymes, and the use of exoenzymes. In the future, it is necessary to develop optimal tenderizing techniques or combinations of different tenderizing techniques to achieve better sensory quality and improved nutritional value of WB.

Population counts and potential impact of two successful invaders in a town of Northern Italy: the case of ring-necked parakeet and Alexandrine parakeet in Reggio Emilia

In our paper, we reported the presence of two alien species in the city of Reggio Emilia, the ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri and the Alexandrine parakeet Psittacula eupatria. The ring-necked parakeet is widespread throughout Europe with many colonies known also for Italy, whereas the Alexandrine parakeet has been only recorded in the last 10-15 years and, apart from few individuals in Rome, the breeding population in Reggio Emilia is the largest one in Italy. We carried winter counts following standard methods through counts at roosts. About 78-80 ring-necked and at least 16 Alexandrine parakeets were counted, including also some hybrids between the two species, which were morphologically identified by the pale colour of the shoulders. Although no claims of crop damage are yet reported, parakeets of both species may feed on ripe and unripe persimmons in private gardens, reducing the total fruit production by up to 75-80%. Furthermore, four Savi’s pipistrelle Hypsugo savii have been killed by ring-necked parakeets in early spring 2019. Therefore, the current trend of these species in the town could lead to further expansion into suburban farmland areas, increasing potential conflicts with human activities.

The Kasterlee Formation and its relation with the Diest and Mol Formations in the Belgian Campine

Stratigraphic analysis of cored and geophysically logged boreholes in the Kasterlee-Geel-Retie-Mol-Dessel area of the Belgian Campine has established the presence of two lithostratigraphic units between the classical Diest and Mol Formations, geometrically related to the type Kasterlee Sand occurring west of the Kasterlee village and the study area. A lower ‘clayey Kasterlee’ unit, equivalent to the lithology occurring at the top of the Beerzel and Heist-op-den-Berg hills, systematically occurs to the east of the Kasterlee village. An overlying unit has a pale colour making it lithostratigraphically comparable to Mol Sand although its fine grain size, traces of glauconite and geometrical position have traditionally led stratigraphers to consider it as a lateral variety of the type Kasterlee Sand; it has been named the ‘lower Mol’ or ‘Kasterlee-sensu-Gulinck’ unit in this study. In the present analysis, the greenish glauconitic Kasterlee Sand in its hilly stratotype area evolves eastwards into the lower ‘clayey Kasterlee’ unit and possibly also into an overlying ‘lower Mol’ or ‘Kasterlee-sensu-Gulinck’ unit, although it is equally possible that the latter unit has an erosive contact and therefore is stratigraphically slightly younger than the type Kasterlee Sand west of the Kasterlee village. A lateral extension of this detailed stratigraphic succession into the faulted zone of east Limburg is proposed.

Pemanfaatan Kertas Bekas, Serabut Kelapa (Socos nucifera) dan Kulit Singkong (Manihot utilissima) Untuk Pembuatan Kertas Daur Ulang

Kalipoh Village, Ayah Discrit Kebumen, Regency is a waste-producing area such as waste paper, coconut fibre and cassava peels that have not been well managed. The impact of this waste can cause environmental health problems. These three types of waste have cellulose content that can be utilized to make recycled paper. This study aims to determine water absorption, tensile strength, and community acceptance with pre-experimental research design posttest only design analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the best water absorption strength and paper tensile strength were a variation of 1: 1: 2 with a yield of 76 mm and 2,683 N / mm. Whereas based on the result of physical test and public acceptance that recycle paper of variation I have a slightly coarse texture, the fibre is slightly visible and the pale; variation II has a coarse texture, visible fibre and pale colour, while variation III has a rather coarse texture, rather visible fibre and vibrant colour. The community also deeply appreciates the innovation of recycled paper making.

Resolving the taxonomic status of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) colour forms in Kenya – a morphological-, biological-, molecular- and ecological-based approach

Frankliniella schultzeiTrybom is a polyphagous pest and vector of tospoviruses worldwide. It occurs in dark and pale colour forms that are morphologically similar but differ in vector competency and geographic spread. In Kenya and other tropical regions, mixed populations of both colour forms are observed in similar habitats, so are considered as one species. To ascertain the taxonomic status of the two colour forms, they were characterized using morphological, molecular, biological and ecological approaches. Morphological characterization revealed differences between the colour forms on eight features and they separated into distinct clusters through principal component analysis. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-RFLP) analysis revealed differences between the two colour forms and was confirmed by differences in ITS2 sequences. Virgin pale females had female offspring (thelytoky), while virgin dark females had male offspring (arrhenotoky). Interbreeding of dark males with pale females resulted in pale females, indicating absence of interbreeding between the two colour forms. Laboratory colonies of pale forms lacked males and further analysis ofF. schultzeimales fromIpomoea setosaflowers in the field indicated the presence of dark males and the absence of pale males. Field surveys in Kenya indicated differences in distribution and host plant preferences among the colour forms. Lack of interbreeding, distinct host preferences and distribution, and morphological and molecular differences indicate that the two colour forms ofF. schultzeicould be different species. The results highlight the need for combining morphological, biological, molecular and ecological characteristics for resolving taxonomic status of closely related insects.

A consumer sensory study of the influence of rigor temperature on eating quality and ageing potential of beef striploin and rump

Few consumer data are available on the effects of high rigor temperatures on eating quality of different muscles in the beef carcass. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high rigor temperature (heat-toughening) on the consumer and quality traits of two beef muscles. A dataset containing consumer eating-quality scores for 3865 striploins (m. longissimus lumborum) and 734 rumps (gluteus medius) was analysed. Temperature at pH 6 (temp@pH6) was calculated for the striploin and carcasses with a temp@pH6 of >35°C were classified as high rigor temperature (heat-toughened) carcasses. For short ageing periods (1–7 days), high rigor temperature striploins were assessed, by a consumer panel, as being more tender with higher overall liking and higher (more liked) flavour and juiciness, than were striploins entering rigor at a lower temperature. Beyond 14 days of ageing, the high rigor temperature striploins showed minimal improvement in tenderness and the other eating-quality attributes also showed minimal improvements. The consumer scores for tenderness, juiciness, flavour and overall liking for the rump decreased with increasing rigor temperature. High rigor temperature striploins were scored, by trained graders, to have a higher proportion of coarser and softer texture and paler colour. Carcasses defined as ‘high rigor temperature’ will show minimal ageing after extended storage and, at grading, have a higher proportion with pale colour and softer, coarser texture compared to lower rigor temperature carcasses. In conclusion, methods to reduce high rigor temperatures in beef carcasses would improve the acceptability of beef.

Extraction of Collagen from Catfish (Clarias gariepnus) Waste and Determination of its Physico-chemical Properties

Collagen was extractedfrom catfish (Clarias gariepnus) waste using 0.5M acetic acid and its subsequent precipitation in 2.6M NaCI. The resultant collagen was analysed with respect to its moisture content and physicochemical properties including yield, pH, protein content, colour, odour and thermal stability. A yield of 16.4% and positive collagen attributes indicate that catfish waste has potential as a collagen source. The snowy white, crystal-like and light textured collagen comprises of 5.97% protein and 0.46% moisture, and exhibits a pH of 4.75. Sensory evaluation indicates that the collagen has a slight fishy odour. Viscosity analysis indicates a steady decrease with increasing temperature over the range considered (20-50°C). The pale colour exhibited and limited odour emitted by the extracted collagen indicate that catfish waste collagen could be applied in the food industry without resulting in any undesirable food products attributes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the collagen exhibits good thermal stability and denatures at a high temperature in a similar manner to mammalian collagen.

Extraction of Collagen from Catfish (Clarias gariepnus) Waste and Determination of its Physico-chemical Properties

Collagen was extracted from catfish (Clarias gariepnus) waste using 0.5M acetic acid and its subsequent precipitation in 2.6M NaCl. The resultant collagen was analysed with respect to its moisture content and physico­chemical properties including yield, pH, protein content, colour, odour and thermal stability. A yield of 16. 4% and positive collagen attributes indicate that catfish waste has potential as a collagen source. The snowy white, crystal-like and light textured collagen comprises of 5.97% protein and 0.46% moisture, and exhibits a pH of 4.75. Sensory evaluation indicates that the collagen has a slight fishy odour. Viscosity analysis indicates a steady decrease with increasing temperature over the range considered (20-50°C). The pale colour exhibited and limited odour emitted by the extracted collagen indicate that catfish waste collagen could be applied in the food industry without resulting in any undesirable food products attributes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the collagen exhibits good thermal stability and denatures at a high temperature in a similar manner to mammalian collagen.

Indication of Xenia Effect on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

Cocoa plant generally is classified as cross pollinated plant and self-incompatible plant, then there is indication the presence of pollen influence on cocoa bean quality. This study was aimed to determine the effect of pollen sources (xenia) on the colour and size characters of fresh cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). This study was done on two stages. The first stage, a treatment of hand pollination of cocoa clones of DR 1, DR 2, DRC 16, KW 264 and ICCRI 03 was applied in this study. There were five treatments of hand pollination: DR 2 x DR 1, DRC 16 x DR 1, DRC 16 X KW 264, DR 1 x DR 2 and ICCRI 03 x DRC 16. Each treatment was repeated four times. Colour parameters of fresh cocoa beans were observed. The second stage consisted of nine hand pollination combinations: TSH 858 x Sulawesi 1, TSH 858 x ICCRI 03, TSH 858 x KW 264, TSH 858 x KW 570, TSH 858 x Sca 6, Sulawesi 1 x TSH 858, Sulawesi 1 x Sca 6, Sulawesi 1 x KW 570 and KW 516 x Sca 6. Each treatment was repeated three times. Size parameters of fresh cocoa pod and beans were observed. The result showed that hybridization using pollen source from bulk cocoa and DR 1 contributed dark colour to fineflavored cocoa. This colour contribution was showed by the increase in the dark fresh percentage of cocoa beans. On the other hand, hybridization using pollen source from fine-flavored cocoa contributed white and pale colour to bulk cocoa. This light colour contribution was showed by the decrease in the percentage of the dark fresh beans. Xenia effect occured on pod weight, pod length, pod girth, bean weight with pulp per pod and bean weight without pulp per pod which was shown by the hybridization with TSH 858 as female parent and weight bean without pulp per pod shown by the hybridization with THS 858 and Sulawesi 1 as female parent. Key word: Xenia, fresh beans colour, fresh beans size, Theobroma cacao L.

Study of crossability and F1 of interspecific hybridization between Brassica rapa (B. campestris) and B. nigra

Interspecific hybridization between yellow seeded variety, Binasarisha-6 of B. rapa var. Yellow Sarson (2n=20; AA) and Nigra-1 of B. nigra (2n=16; BB) were made. The crosses with Binasarisha-6 of B. rapa var. Yellow Sarson as a female parent were only successful. Chromosome number in root tip cells of the F1 hybrids was 18, which was half of the sum total of the somatic chromosome number of the parents and indicated hybrid nature. Hybrids exhibited intermediate morphology between the parents. All the hybrids showed complete pollen sterility with shrivelled, pointed tip, and pale colour anthers and reduced filaments and failed to set siliquae and seeds.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.546Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 445-449, September 2007