Technology for restoring virgin and fallow lands

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Anastasiya V. Mironova ◽  
Igor’ V. Liskin ◽  
Andrey I. Panov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Fallow Soil ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Soil Recovery ◽  
Agricultural Machines

The soils that are subject to restoration include virgin and fallow lands, neglected pastures, soils overgrown with shrubs and young trees, swampy, with admixtures of hummocks and debris. The article shows the shortest period of restoration of virgin and fallow lands. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in comparative analysis of the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of fallow lands using traditional and proposed by VIM technologies. (Materials and methods) Authors determined the indicators that characterize the properties of the soil for its restoration. It has been taken into account that for the treatment of this fallow soil, it is preferable to use combined aggregates or equipment with replaceable working bodies. Authors have compiled a set of aggregates for the proposed by VIM technology for soil recovery. The article shows the most productive and economically viable technology. The calculations of the cost of the necessary units, fuel and lubricants consumption, and labor costs are presented. (Results and discussion) It was determined that the restoration of fallow lands using the technology proposed by VIM reduces the cost of using the machine and tractor fleet by 35 percent by reducing the number of agricultural machines, fuel and lubricants by 17 percent, and the labor costs by 12 percent. The article shows that the efficiency of implementing the technology proposed by VIM for restoring virgin and fallow lands without shrubs and trees can reach 28 percent or more. (Conclusions) From the point of view of ecology, resource and energy saving, the most preferable are soil-processing combined units or agricultural machinery with changing working bodies (including those that perform various tasks). When restoring a 200-hectare section of fallow land with a heavy clay mechanical composition on soils that have not been treated for four consecutive years, according to the proposed VIM technology, the cost of restoration decreased by an average of 28 percent.

Economic feasibility of restoration of degraded and neglected lands

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Anastasiya V. Mironova ◽  
Igor’ V. Liskin ◽  
Irina I. Afonina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Neglect of soils leads to their degradation, worsens useful properties, and reduces fertility and productivity. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in conducting a comparative analysis of technologies for treating degraded soils, taking into account the economic feasibility of their restoration in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Materials and methods) The article shows the main technological scheme of restoration of degraded soils. Authors have identified the main groups of land that are located in non-black-soil regions of Russia. (Results and discussion) The article presents the need for equipment, economic and labor costs for the restoration of each type of land in the non-black-soil regions of Russia. Authors took into account that the salary of machine operators depends on the time of direct execution of the task. It was found that the restoration of virgin and fallow lands was the most preferable from the economic, energy-saving and environmental points of view. The article shows that the restoration of pasture areas exceeds the cost of processing virgin lands, but the number of necessary machine and tractor units is comparable to work on virgin lands. Authors recommend to develop the soils with woody and shrubby vegetation in the first place, starting with land occupied by young plants. It is necessary to take into account the criteria for the fertility of the soil layer. It was found that soils with a small excess of moisture have small cost of its development, while on heavily swampy soils the cost of work on their development is many times higher than the cost of restoring other types of land. (Conclusion) The article shows that the restoration of neglected land is a necessary condition for improving the provision of human needs for food and a number of industrial goods. First of all, it is necessary to develop land that requires minimal investment of economic and labor costs.

Methodological Approaches to the Formation of the Soil Abrasive Characteristics and Wear of Tillage Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (43) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Anatoliy T. Lebedev ◽  
◽  
Viktor V. Ochinskiy ◽  
Yuriy I. Zhevora ◽  
Ramil’ R. Iskenderov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Numerical Characteristic ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Abrasive Ability ◽  
Moving Speed

When performing various technological operations in crop production, the working bodies of tillage equipment in contact with the soil wear out under the influence of an abrasive environment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in theoretical substantiation for a method for quantifying the wear capacity of soils with different abrasive characteristics. (Materials and methods) The article presents the evaluation of the abrasive ability of the soil by the wear of a steel rod vertically immersed in the soil and moving translationally. Authors used the standard rod of steel St0; geometric parameters of the worn rod are diameter d = 25-30 millimeters, height h = 250 millimeters; dynamic characteristics during the test are moving speed V = 3 kilometers per hour, distance of movement L = 100 meters. The worn rod sinks to a certain depth, moves in the soil at a constant speed. A device was used to determine the abrasive characteristics of the soil. (Results and discussion) The numerical characteristic of the wear capacity of the soil was determined as the physical value of the wear of the standard worn rod when moving in the soil as A=Q/L, grams per meter. The lower the value of this ratio, the less abrasive components are in the soil; based on the wear data of a standard rod, it is possible to obtain a characteristic of the wear capacity of various soils. (Conclusions) The proposed method allows us to determine the abrasive and wear characteristics of various types of soils. The results of the study make it possible to install working bodies on tillage machines in accordance with the type and wear capacity of the soil in which they will work, which will reduce the cost of their manufacture and increase the efficiency of the use of equipment.

Operation efficiency of knitters knives of domestic and import production used in agricultural machines

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Valeriy I. Ivanov ◽  
Vyacheslav F. Aulov ◽  
Yuriy N. Rozhkov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Operation Efficiency ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Agricultural Machines

Utilization of various stalks of grain crops (wheat, soy and rapeseed) is made by their grinding, usually in the field. The crushed straw is scattered across the field, and the spreading width is adjusted depending on the width of the reaper cutting devices. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the existing market of knives for agricultural machines; goods of enterprises producing the knives, harvesters, using knives, types of knives, part numbers, specifications of knives in size and durability and to produce a feasibility study of using hardening knives. (Materials and methods) Authors used a digital method of searching through the Internet for enterprises that produce knives; combines that use knives; types of knives and their characteristics. (Results and discussion) It was found that due to intensive wear, the geometry of the cutting part and the overall dimensions of the working bodies of harvesting machines change, which causes violations of agricultural requirements, increased losses during crop harvesting, and increased energy costs. It was found that the efficiency of an agricultural machine directly depends on the state of its working parts, since they are limiting in terms of durability. The article notes that replacement of worn elements is accompanied by more labor, which reduces labor productivity, unnecessary equipment downtime and ultimately reduce profits of the enterprise. These factors indicate the need for technological measures to increase the resource of working parts of cutting devices of agricultural machines. (Conclusions) The article presents the results of the analysis of the market of existing enterprises for the production of knives. It gaves a feasibility to study of the effectiveness of strengthening knives using the technology of the Federal scientific Agroengineering center VIM. Production of hardened knives gives a good economic effect on import substitution.

scholarly journals ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РЕМОНТНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ИЗНОСА ДЕТАЛЕЙИ ВИДЫ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Churilov ◽  
S.D. Polischuk ◽  
Y.A. Stekolnikov ◽  
I.S. Arapov ◽  
A.V. Shemyakin
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Agricultural Machines

Организацияремонтного производства на основе оптимального использования передовых технологических процессов позволит восстанавливать и упрочнять рабочие органы сельскохозяйственных машин с учетом минимума затрат как на процессы восстановления, так и на функционирование предприятия в целом.При ремонте существуют несколько вариантов: заменить изношенныедетали на новые или произвести восстановление изношенных с доведением и улучшением их физико-механических свойств.Восстановление более предпочтительно. Оно позволяет сокращать время простоя неисправных машин и оборудования, повышать показатели надежности использования машин.Экономика работ по восстановлению заключается в снижении себестоимостиремонтакак агрегатов,так и машин. При этом необходимо восстановить геометрические показатели деталей.Анализ статистики показал,что годных для восстановления деталей до 50 и только до 9 не подлежат восстановлению.По сравнению с изготовлением новых запасных частей количество операций обработки сокращается в 3-8 раз.Важное преимущество восстановления малая металлоемкость. В процессах восстановления требуется на 50-75 меньше металла,чемдля изготовленияновых.Восстановление деталей к импортным машинам можно рассматривать как альтернативу дорогим оригинальным запчастям.При этом должна быть налажена регламентная систематехобслуживания и ремонтасельскохозяйственных машин по фактическому техническомусостоянию. Качестворемонта зависит оторганизации всех звеньев производственногоцикла, воснове которого лежиткомплексмероприятий техническогохарактера.The organization of repair production based on the optimal use of advanced technological processes will make it possible to restore and strengthen the working bodies of agricultural machines, taking into account the minimum costs of both the restoration processes and the functioning of the enterprise as a whole. During repair, there are several options: to replace worn parts with new ones or to restore worn parts with improvement in their physical and mechanical properties. Recovery is more preferable. It makes possible to reduce the downtime of faulty machines and equipment and to increase their reliability. The economics of restoration work is to reduce the cost of repairs of both units and machines. For this, it is necessary to restore the geometric parameters of the parts. The results of statistics showed that up to 50 of parts were suitable for recovery and only up to 9 cannot be restored.Compared with the manufacture of new spare parts, the number of machining operations is reduced by 3-8 times. An important advantage of recovery is low metal consumption. In the recovery processes, 50-75 less metal is required than for manufacturing the new ones. The restoration of parts for imported machines can be considered as an alternative to expensive original spare parts. At the same time, a regulatory system for maintenance and repair of agricultural machines according to the actual technical condition should be established. The quality of repairs depends on the organization of all parts of the production cycle, which is based on a set of technical measures.

scholarly journals Research of problems of technical operation of agricultural machines

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032053
Author(s):  
G Kokieva ◽  
A Spiridonova ◽  
A Anosova ◽  
V Belomestnykh ◽  
A Pekhutov
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Automatic Control Systems ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Rural Producers ◽  
Technical Operation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Agricultural Machines

Abstract Tracking devices are increasingly used in automatic control systems for mobile agricultural machines. Many elements are regulated by standards and specifications, and it is of scientific and practical interest to establish a correspondence between the reliability of restored parts and connections with the reliability of machines. This is due to many reasons, one of which is a decrease in the technical potential of the village: the composition of the machine and tractor fleet is decreasing, the physical and moral wear of equipment is progressing. Repair and maintenance of cars due to the price arbitrariness of intermediary structures, mainly on the part of collective farms and farms. For this reason, the reliability and reliability of the machine park of rural producers remain low, negatively affects the agrotechnical timing of mechanized work, their cost. In accordance with the standard technology, standards of labor costs for the repair of machines, standards for the consumption of materials needed for repair, and standards for the consumption of spare parts were created. The economic feasibility of restoring parts is usually assessed by comparing the cost of a new part and the cost of repairing a worn one.

PROSPECTS OF STRENGTHENING OF SHREDDERS KNIVES OF INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (144) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav F. Aulov ◽  
◽  
Yuriy N. Rozhkov ◽  
Valentin P. Lyalyakin
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Frequency Heating

The main goal of agriculture is to obtain products, but its processing is no less important. At processing enterprises, grinding and cutting are the most important technological process. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the market of knives of processing machines, their pricing, resource and describing the economic efficiency of applying strengthening coatings. (Materials and methods) Authors used a digital method of searching through the Internet for enterprises that produce knives for processing machines, types of knives and their characteristics. (Results and discussion) Specialized knives are used for grinding products in the industrial plants. Since knives are a consumable item, the technology of their replacement is subject to requirements for the simplicity of the process, low cost and low labor cost. These requirements, together with the specific ones determined by the technology, form the design of the knives. The efficiency of the processing machine directly depends on the state of its working organs. Replacement of worn-out elements is accompanied by large labor costs, which leads to a decrease in labor productivity and to downtime of equipment in repair, and ultimately − to a decrease in the profit of the enterprise. (Conclusions) The hardening of knives by the borating method using high-frequency heating will increase the productivity of agricultural machinery and will give an economic effect up to 0.32 billion rubles due to an increase in the resource and a lower cost of manufacturing hardened knives compared to imported ones. By reducing the cost of domestic knives, you can get savings on one knife of 1960 rubles, provided that you refuse to purchase imported knives.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ELECTROSPARK FORMATION OF WEAR-RESISTANT COATINGS ON PROCESSED SURFACES

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (144) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Said N. Sharifullin ◽  
◽  
Ayzat S. Akhmetzyanov ◽  
Tat’yana V. Toporkova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Wear Resistant ◽  
Wear Resistant Coatings ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Percent Cobalt ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Agricultural Machines

The article considers a new direction in optimizing the process of plasma hardening of the surfaces of cutting elements of agricultural machines based on the use of electric spark discharge energy. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in optimizing the technological process of hardening the surfaces of cutting elements of agricultural machines by the method of electric spark alloying of carbide material elements. (Materials and methods) A device under RF patent No. 2655420, developed by the scientific supervisor of the subject S. N. Sharifullin, was used for electric spark alloying. A tungsten-cobalt rod with a diameter of 4 millimeters, consisting of 94 percent tungsten and 6 percent cobalt, was used as the electrode material for this case. The processed sample of 65G steel, which is the main material of the working bodies of tillage equipment. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were studied with a scanning electron microscope EVO 50 XVP from Zeiss. (Results and discussion) After the electric spark treatment of the alloyed elements, there were about ten, while their spectra also appear at different irradiation energies. The alloyed elements in the surface layer are not only separate, but also in the form of compounds with other elements. Such alloying elements as carbon, cobalt and tungsten appeared in a noticeable amount in the surface layer. Electric spark treatment allows increasing the microhardness of the surfaces of cutting elements of tillage equipment up to three times. (Conclusions) When developing a mathematical model of the electric spark formation of wear-resistant coatings on the treated surfaces, it is necessary to use the energy conservation equations of the electron gas, the Maxwell equations, the continuity and momentum equations. The complex solution of these equations makes it possible to obtain the required output parameters depending on the input ones.

scholarly journals Medical and economic justification of the use of micropercutaneous nephrolithotripsy in clinical practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
A.V. Emelianenko ◽  
◽  
K.A. Dunets ◽  
V.Yu. Startsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Surgical Equipment ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) is traditionally used in the surgical treatment of patients with kidney stones. The use of retrograde intrarenal surgery using a flexible endoscope (RIRS) and micropercutaneous nephrolithotripsy (micro PNL) in the treatment of kidney stones with a diameter of 10-15 mm allows minimizin renal bleeding and reducing the period of hospitalization of the patient. Despite the development of urolithiasis treatment methods, the results of a comparative study of the medical and economic aspects of various surgical options for kidney stones treatment were not described. Materials and methods. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 654 cases of PNL and RIRS for the period of 2015-2019. We analyzed the results of surgical and medical material costs in 15 patients whom micro PNL was done according to the standard protocol. All patients underwent an assessment of the blood hemoglobin level and the frequency of complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification, as well as a control examination to exclude residual stones was done. Results. According to the data of the planning and economic service of healthcare institutions, the costs under the mandatory medical insurance tariff for RIRS and PNL amounted to 47,743.10 rubles and 71,300.00 rubles, respectively, without differences in hardware. The cost of endoscopes used for RIRS and PNL differed significantly (1,045,185. 00 rubles and 886,203. 00 rubles, respectively). Taking into account labor costs and general anesthesia, the cost of surgical treatment of kidney stone in PNL increased by 7,429. 78 rubles (74.9%). For fragmentation of the stone with micro PNL, a thulium or YAG laser was used, without nephrostomic drainage. The duration of the PNL was longer-on average 113 minutes (62-186 minutes), than with micro PNL – on average 83 minutes (42-122 minutes,). After micro PNL, there was a slight decrease in the level of hemoglobin and a minimal degree of complications (I-II Grade Clavien-Dindo), compared with PNL. The transition to the RIRS was required in three cases: during the mobilization of the migration of the stone into the middle calyx and during the removal of residual fragments of the upper and lower calyx. The duration of hospitalization of patients decreased after micro PNL to 2 days. Conclusions. Micro PNL for small (up to 2 cm) kidney stones treatment is more advantageous compared to traditional PNL in a number of positions: less the duration of the operation, reduced blood loss, lack of drainage, reduced costs for hospital observation of the patient. From a medical and economic point of view, the RIRS is the most preferable, but it requires initially large costs for the purchase of flexible endoscopes with a small working resource and a relatively high cost. The development of surgical equipment and production capacities, as well as the accumulation of clinical experience of micro PNL will allow us fairly assess the feasibility of this technique with a personalized approach.

Vibroplasma hardening of the working bodies of agricultural machines

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Akmaral T. Bayniyazova ◽  
Marat M. Abzhaev ◽  
Elizaveta Yu. Kudryashova ◽  
Ildar A. Fayzrakhmanov ◽  
Said N. Sharifullin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Steel Sample ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
Thermal Influence ◽  
Agricultural Machines

The article describes the technology of hardening the working bodies of agricultural machines based on the use of the electric spark energy and vibration arc discharges or the energy of vibroplasma. (Research purpose). The research purpose is studying of the influence of vibroplasma treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of 65G steel, which is the main material of many working bodies of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods). The studies were carried out on samples from a coulter disk of 30x30 mm with a thickness of 2 mm. The processing was carried out at VDGU-2 technological installations of electric spark alloying in accordance with the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2655420 and vibration arc hardening. Tungsten-cobalt and copper-graphite rods with diameters of 4 and 8 mm were used as electrodes. (Results and discussion). In contrast to the initial sample, the spectrum of the relatively large area of the 65G steel sample hardened by electrospark treatment showed that cobalt (4.92 percents) and tungsten (16.83 percents) are present in the treated layer in appreciable amounts. Measurements of the elemental composition of the local processing zone showed that the main components of this region are tungsten (64.20 percents) and cobalt (7.55 percent). Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, manganese, calcium, silicon, aluminum, and a number of other elements are present in the surface layer of the sample with a vibratory arc treatment, but at lower concentrations in comparison with the listed elements for the sample with electric spark treatment. It has been found that the main phases are carbide and iron oxide, as well as metallic iron. After treatment with vibroplasma, there is a so-called zone of thermal influence near the treated zone. (Conclusions). The surface layer formed by processing parts by vibroplasma represents a new composite structure consisting of three layers. The hardening of the base material in the depth of the part during electrospark machining occurs at 0.5-1.0 millimeter, with vibroplasma machining it is up to 3-4 millimeter. The microhardness of the surface layer of products increased by more than three times.

REEQUIPMENT OF A CULTIVATOR FOR SPREADING GRAIN ON STUBBLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (141) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
PETR TABAKOV ◽  
◽  
VASILIY TABAKOV ◽  
ALEKSEY TABAKOV ◽  
ALEKSANDR TABAKOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Optimal Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sown Area ◽  
Agricultural Machines

Compared to 1990, the Chuvash Republic's acreage decreased by 25 percent. The gross production of agricultural products is also reduced accordingly. One of the most important ways to maintain the efficiency of the machine and tractor fleet is the modernization of existing equipment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in reequipment of the cultivator into a sowing unit for scattered sowing on stubble, testing it in the field, organizing mass production and applying a patent for its design. (Materials and methods) The article shows the possibility of converting the cultivator into a sowing unit for grain crops of scattered sowing on stubble without tillage from decommissioned agricultural machines in the conditions of agricultural enterprises. (Results and discussion) The main reserve for reducing the cost of crop production is the use of combined tillage and sowing machines, which allow several operations to be performed in one pass of the unit. the standard cultivator paw was upgraded with a stand from the cultivator-deep cultivator KFG-3,6 for scattered seeding. It was proved that the cost of modernization is minimal; a patent was applied. (Conclusions) With the intra-soil spread method of sowing grain crops, one can get the optimal area of plant nutrition by placing them evenly in the soil. Since 22 percent of the sown area in the Middle Volga region is subject to wind and water erosion, the use of resource-saving seeding technologies becomes even more relevant. The method of reequipping the cultivator for sowing grain crops will make it possible to sow acreage that is empty due to a lack of agricultural machinery.

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