scholarly journals Why Fallacies Appear to be Better Arguments Than They Are

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Defeasible Argumentation ◽  
Informal Fallacies ◽  
Argumentum Ad Verecundiam

This paper offers a solution to the problem of understanding how a fallacious argument can be deceptive by “seeming to be valid”, or (better) appearing to be a better argument of its kind than it really is. The explanation of how fallacies are deceptive is based on heuristics and paraschemes. Heuristics are fast and frugal shortcuts to a solution to a problem that sometimes jump to a conclusion that is not justified. In fallacious instances, according to the theory proposed, this jump overlooks prerequisites of the defeasible argumentation scheme for the type of argument in question. Three informal fallacies, argumentum ad verecundiam, argumentum ad ignorantiam and fear appeal argument, are used to illustrate and explain the theory.

Epistemic and deontic authority in the argumentum ad verecundiam

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-315
Author(s):  
Marcin Koszowy ◽  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Argumentation Schemes ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Informal Fallacy ◽  
Argumentum Ad Verecundiam ◽  
Deontic Authority

Abstract The aim of this paper is to elaborate tools that would allow us to analyse arguments from authority and guard against fallacious uses of them. To accomplish this aim, we extend the list of existing argumentation schemes representing arguments from authority. For this purpose, we formulate a new argumentation scheme for argument from deontic authority along with a matching set of critical questions used to evaluate it. We argue that clarifying the ambiguity between arguments from epistemic and deontic authority helps building a better explanation of the informal fallacy of appeal to authority (argumentum ad verecundiam).

An Enhanced Fear Appeal Rhetorical Framework: Leveraging Threats to the Human Asset Through Sanctioning Rhetoric

MIS Quarterly ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen C. Johnston ◽  
◽  
Merrill Warkentin ◽  
Mikko Siponen ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Appeal

scholarly journals Local Logics, Non-Monotonicity and Defeasible Argumentation

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Bodanza ◽  
Fernando A. Tohm�
Keyword(s):  
Defeasible Argumentation ◽  
Local Logics

Deductivism and the Informal Fallacies

Argumentation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Jacquette
Keyword(s):  
Informal Fallacies

scholarly journals Effect of Message Approach and Image Size on Pictorial Health Warning Effectiveness on Cigarette Pack in Indonesia: A Mixed Factorial Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6854
Author(s):  
Reny Yuliati ◽  
Billy Koernianti Sarwono ◽  
Abdillah Ahsan ◽  
I Gusti Lanang Agung Kharisma Wibhisono ◽  
Dian Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
The Government

Background: Cigarette consumption remains high and increasing in Indonesia. The government implemented a pictorial health warnings requirement of 40% cover of the pack (front and back) using fear appeal messages. Objective: Our study aims to assess the effectiveness of cigarette pictorial health warnings by message and size. Methods: We conducted a mixed factorial experiment online study using three messaging approaches (fear vs. guilt vs. financial loss) and two picture sizes (40% vs. 75%) among 209 smoking participants. Sociodemographic variables included gender, education, income, employment status, and marital status. Data analysis used a mixed model ANOVA to see the main effect and interaction effect on dependent variables. For subgroup analysis, we used t-test and one-way ANOVA. All analyzes were in SPSS 22. Results: We found significant differences in the three message types, in which fear and guilt have higher effectiveness than financial loss. By subgroup, the guilt message was more compelling among female smokers and married smokers. The financial loss message was effective among lower-income smokers. We found no difference in pictorial health warning effectiveness by image size, potentially because participants could zoom in/out the cigarette pack image on the screen. Conclusions: Our finding supports more diverse message types in pictorial health warnings in Indonesia and other countries.

scholarly journals Defeasible argumentation over relational databases

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristhian Ariel David Deagustini ◽  
Santiago Emanuel Fulladoza Dalibón ◽  
Sebastián Gottifredi ◽  
Marcelo Alejandro Falappa ◽  
Carlos Iván Chesñevar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relational Databases ◽  
Defeasible Argumentation

scholarly journals The Impact of Program Context on Motivational System Activation and Subsequent Effects on Processing a Fear Appeal

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Potter ◽  
Michael S. LaTour ◽  
Kathryn A. Braun-LaTour ◽  
Tom Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Motivational System ◽  
System Activation ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Persuading end users to act cautiously online: a fear appeals study on phishing

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurjen Jansen ◽  
Paul van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phishing Attacks ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Post Test

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the protection motivation theory (PMT) in the context of fear appeal interventions to reduce the threat of phishing attacks. In addition, it was tested to what extent the model relations are equivalent across fear appeal conditions and across time. Design/methodology/approach A pre-test post-test design was used. In the pre-test, 1,201 internet users filled out an online survey and were presented with one of three fear appeal conditions: strong fear appeal, weak fear appeal and control condition. Arguments regarding vulnerability of phishing attacks and response efficacy of vigilant online information-sharing behaviour were manipulated in the fear appeals. In the post-test, data were collected from 786 internet users and analysed with partial least squares path modelling. Findings The study found that PMT model relations hold in the domain of phishing. Self-efficacy and fear were the most important predictors of protection motivation. In general, the model results were equivalent across conditions and across time. Practical Implications It is important to consider online information-sharing behaviour because it facilitates the occurrence and success of phishing attacks. The results give practitioners more insight into important factors to address in the design of preventative measures to reduce the success of phishing attacks. Future research is needed to test how fear appeals work in real-world settings and over longer periods. Originality/value This paper is a substantial adaptation of a previous conference paper (Jansen and Van Schaik, 2017a, b).

Joking about cancer as an avoidance strategy among US adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Carcioppolo ◽  
Kevin K John ◽  
Jakob D Jensen ◽  
Andy J King
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
Avoidance Strategy

Summary Findings from years of research on fear appeals suggest that individuals with low efficacy utilize avoidance strategies when they perceive a significant threat—a process called fear control. Some research suggests that joking could be an avoidance strategy. The current study identifies conditions in which people are more likely to joke about colorectal cancer and explores how this behavior may be associated with screening avoidance. Older adults (N = 209) recruited from eight different worksites completed a survey measuring fear appeal constructs and enactment of colorectal cancer-related joking. Results of a moderated mediation analysis suggest that men were more likely to joke about colorectal cancer than women, particularly if they perceived significant threat but had limited self-efficacy, signifying fear control. Results support prior fear appeal research, suggesting that an increase in joking behavior concerning colorectal cancer may be indicative of screening avoidance, and describe belief-based mechanisms that explain differences between biological sex and joking.

scholarly journals How Can E-Cigarette Fear Appeals Improve the Perceived Threat, Fear, Anger, and Protection Motivation of Young People

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengzhi Sun ◽  
Fangfei Wang ◽  
Mengmeng Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
The Impact

The lack of awareness regarding the risks of e-cigarettes and the misleading business propaganda caused an increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes among young people. The effective communication of the risks associated with e-cigarettes is an important part of current work to control their usage, and the use of fear appeals is an effective method to achieve good control. Based on the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and Appraisal-Tendency Framework (ATF), this article presents a 2 × 2 control experiment to test the impact of fear appeals on the perception of risk, emotions, and behavioral motivation of young people aged 35 and less. A total of 333 valid samples of adolescents and young adults were included to investigate the different response paths to fear appeals among young people of different age, sex and smoking history. The results show that high-threat, high-efficacy fear appeals are able to: (1) significantly increase young people’s perception of the e-cigarette-associated threats, (2) trigger fear and anger amongst young people, and (3) stimulate their self-protection motivation. Fear appeals do not have an impact on young people’s perception of efficacy, regardless of their level of threat and efficacy. High fear appeals can also increase young people’s perception of threat, which in turn enhances their anger and protection motivation. Furthermore, while this type of fear appeal can enhance young women’s perception of efficacy, it cannot enhance the perception of e-cigarette risks in adolescents, young men and young smokers, regardless of their level of threat and efficacy. Young non-smokers have a higher perception of the risks involved in the use of e-cigarettes compared with young smokers.

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