scholarly journals How Can E-Cigarette Fear Appeals Improve the Perceived Threat, Fear, Anger, and Protection Motivation of Young People

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengzhi Sun ◽  
Fangfei Wang ◽  
Mengmeng Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
The Impact

The lack of awareness regarding the risks of e-cigarettes and the misleading business propaganda caused an increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes among young people. The effective communication of the risks associated with e-cigarettes is an important part of current work to control their usage, and the use of fear appeals is an effective method to achieve good control. Based on the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and Appraisal-Tendency Framework (ATF), this article presents a 2 × 2 control experiment to test the impact of fear appeals on the perception of risk, emotions, and behavioral motivation of young people aged 35 and less. A total of 333 valid samples of adolescents and young adults were included to investigate the different response paths to fear appeals among young people of different age, sex and smoking history. The results show that high-threat, high-efficacy fear appeals are able to: (1) significantly increase young people’s perception of the e-cigarette-associated threats, (2) trigger fear and anger amongst young people, and (3) stimulate their self-protection motivation. Fear appeals do not have an impact on young people’s perception of efficacy, regardless of their level of threat and efficacy. High fear appeals can also increase young people’s perception of threat, which in turn enhances their anger and protection motivation. Furthermore, while this type of fear appeal can enhance young women’s perception of efficacy, it cannot enhance the perception of e-cigarette risks in adolescents, young men and young smokers, regardless of their level of threat and efficacy. Young non-smokers have a higher perception of the risks involved in the use of e-cigarettes compared with young smokers.

scholarly journals Beneficial effects of reactance in health-related behavior? The effects of fear appeals on defensive and accepting reactions of smokers with different levels of self-esteem

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-444
Author(s):  
Claudia Poggiolini
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) served as a theoretical background for explaining the persuasive effects of fear appeals on smokers. Based on the self-consistency theory, self-esteem was included as a moderator in this model for understanding in more detail under which circumstances, a fear appeal leads to accepting responses or to reactance. An online experiment was conducted, participating smokers read an article that contained either a neutral picture or a fear appeal. Including self-esteem in the EPPM revealed that in contrast to smokers with high self-esteem, smokers with low self-esteem increased perceived susceptibility and intention to quit, as well as reactance to a fear appeal. Moreover, reactance could not be considered a negative reaction to the fear appeal message, because for individuals with low self-esteem it was positively associated with the intention to quit. Results suggest that additionally considering smokers’ self-esteem can contribute to a more accurate prediction of the persuasive effects of fear appeals. The impact of self-esteem and reactance in health-related behavior is discussed, as are the implications for health-related messages and future research.

scholarly journals Persuading end users to act cautiously online: a fear appeals study on phishing

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurjen Jansen ◽  
Paul van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phishing Attacks ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Post Test

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the protection motivation theory (PMT) in the context of fear appeal interventions to reduce the threat of phishing attacks. In addition, it was tested to what extent the model relations are equivalent across fear appeal conditions and across time. Design/methodology/approach A pre-test post-test design was used. In the pre-test, 1,201 internet users filled out an online survey and were presented with one of three fear appeal conditions: strong fear appeal, weak fear appeal and control condition. Arguments regarding vulnerability of phishing attacks and response efficacy of vigilant online information-sharing behaviour were manipulated in the fear appeals. In the post-test, data were collected from 786 internet users and analysed with partial least squares path modelling. Findings The study found that PMT model relations hold in the domain of phishing. Self-efficacy and fear were the most important predictors of protection motivation. In general, the model results were equivalent across conditions and across time. Practical Implications It is important to consider online information-sharing behaviour because it facilitates the occurrence and success of phishing attacks. The results give practitioners more insight into important factors to address in the design of preventative measures to reduce the success of phishing attacks. Future research is needed to test how fear appeals work in real-world settings and over longer periods. Originality/value This paper is a substantial adaptation of a previous conference paper (Jansen and Van Schaik, 2017a, b).

The Impact of Vulnerability to and Severity of a Health Risk on Processing and Acceptance of Fear-Arousing Communications: A Meta-Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha de Hoog ◽  
Wolfgang Stroebe ◽  
John B. F. de Wit
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Defensive Processing ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

This meta-analysis of studies of the persuasive impact of fear appeals evaluated the contribution of our stage model of the processing of fear-arousing communications relative to other fear appeal theories. In contrast to other theories, our stage model (a) specifies the cognitive processes underlying persuasion through fear-arousing communications, (b) proposes that threat-induced defensive processing does not interfere with the effectiveness of fear-arousing communications but actually contributes to it, and (c) predicts that vulnerability and severity manipulations have differential effects on measures of attitude as compared with intention and behavior. To evaluate these predictions, the authors expanded on previous meta-analyses by assessing the independent as well as joint effects of vulnerability to and severity of a risk, both on information processing and on measures of persuasion (attitude, intention, behavior). Overall, findings were consistent with the stage model. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Protection motivation theory and brick-and-mortar salespeople

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 865-879
Author(s):  
Megan C. Good ◽  
Michael R. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Retail Managers ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply protection motivation theory (PMT) to brick-and-mortar salespeople's responses to customers' fear appeals.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is to develop a conceptual model for the effect of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar salespeople.FindingsPMT relates to the influence of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar salespeople's behaviours. The salesperson's decision whether to follow a retail manager's suggestion about ways to mitigate a customer's fear appeal depends on believed threat severity, believed threat susceptibility, response efficacy, self-efficacy and response costs.Research limitations/implicationsPMT is applied to a new domain: brick-and-mortar salespeople. Although a powerful yet universal emotion, only limited research has examined fear within this group.Practical implicationsUnderstanding salespeople's fears will help retail managers identify strategies for encouraging adaptive behaviours and deterring maladaptive behaviours by salespeople.Originality/valueA model relating customers' fear appeals to salespeople's behaviours is introduced.

scholarly journals The Effects of Fear Appeals and Message Format on Promoting Skin Cancer Prevention Behaviors among College Students

Societies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Cui Zhang Meadows
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Message Format

This study tested the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) by examining how fear mediated the effects of threat on individuals’ assessment of risk, which was neglected in many fear appeal studies. Second, this study treated efficacy as an existing perception, and explored the effects of varying levels of threat and efficacy on individuals’ behavioral intention. Furthermore, this study examined whether message format, such as narratives, played a role on individuals’ behavioral intention. Implications for the EPPM and health message development were discussed.

scholarly journals Reinforcing Risk Perception to Induce Exercise Intention: Role of Systematic Interaction from Social Marketing Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (II) ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
Farooq Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar ◽  
Syed Ali Raza Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Exercise Intention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The study examined the relationship between systematic interaction, fear appeals, and exercise intention using group-centered and participatory approaches. The longitudinal experimental design was used to understand the phenomenon of fear appeals (risk perception) for adopting sustained physical activities. The sample comprised two treatment conditions i.e. experimental group and control group to measure the impact of interventions for verification of the proposed conceptual model. The findings indicate that risk perception mediated the relationship between systematic interaction and exercise intention. Moreover, systematic interaction has a positive effect on risk perception and exercise intention. The findings conceptually advance the fear appeal theory with a new lens using a participatory paradigm to augment sustained behavior change. We advocate that use of systematic interaction adds value in expanding the scope of a theoretical base for marketing.

scholarly journals Communism and Anti-Communist Dissent in Romania as Reflected in Contemporary Textbooks

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Radu Săgeată ◽  
Nicoleta Damian ◽  
Bianca Mitrică
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Communist System ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
The Impact

The structural changes brought about by the collapse of the communist system also included the reconfiguration of social memory, so that future generations have a more objective imagining of the impact of the communist period on the societies from Central and Eastern Europe. In this view, the depoliticization of recent history is a top priority. The present study aims to highlight the way in which the schoolbooks in Romania bring into the memory of the young generation a strictly secret episode in recent (pre-1990) history: anti-communist dissent. Two categories of methods were used: researching the data and information contained in history textbooks and other bibliographic sources on anti-communist dissent in Romania in the overall socio-political context of that era; and assessing—with the help of a set of surveys—the degree of assimilation by young people in Romania of the knowledge about communism conveyed through textbooks. Research points to the conclusion that the Romanian curriculum and textbooks provide an objective picture of the communist period in this country, but young people’s perception of communism in general and of Romanian communism in particular tends to be distorted by poor education, poverty and surrounding mentalities rooted in that period.

Self- and Response Efficacy Information in Fear Appeals: A Meta-Analysis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Bigsby ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Fear appeals are designed to inspire intended and actual actions to avert a danger. Although prior meta-analyses report that the average effect of fear appeals is moderately positive, the role of efficacy information is not completely understood. Prior work and fear appeal theories have argued that the presence of both response and self-efficacy information improves fear appeal success but the individual impacts of each have not been properly estimated. A meta-analysis (k = 158, N = 19,736) was conducted to examine the individual and combined effects of response and self-efficacy information contained in fear appeals on behavioral intentions and behaviors. Estimating the impact of fear appeals relative to low and no fear controls, the meta-analysis showed that fear appeals had a stronger influence on behavioral outcomes when they included positive response efficacy information but did not vary as a function of including self-efficacy information or negative response efficacy information.

Age at Exposure to Parental Suicide and the Subsequent Risk of Suicide in Young People

Crisis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Ying Lee ◽  
Chung-Yi Li ◽  
Kun-Chia Chang ◽  
Tsung-Hsueh Lu ◽  
Ying-Yeh Chen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Birth Registry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parental Suicide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age At Exposure

Abstract. Background: We investigated the age at exposure to parental suicide and the risk of subsequent suicide completion in young people. The impact of parental and offspring sex was also examined. Method: Using a cohort study design, we linked Taiwan's Birth Registry (1978–1997) with Taiwan's Death Registry (1985–2009) and identified 40,249 children who had experienced maternal suicide (n = 14,431), paternal suicide (n = 26,887), or the suicide of both parents (n = 281). Each exposed child was matched to 10 children of the same sex and birth year whose parents were still alive. This yielded a total of 398,081 children for our non-exposed cohort. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the suicide risk of the exposed and non-exposed groups. Results: Compared with the non-exposed group, offspring who were exposed to parental suicide were 3.91 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.10–4.92 more likely to die by suicide after adjusting for baseline characteristics. The risk of suicide seemed to be lower in older male offspring (HR = 3.94, 95% CI = 2.57–6.06), but higher in older female offspring (HR = 5.30, 95% CI = 3.05–9.22). Stratified analyses based on parental sex revealed similar patterns as the combined analysis. Limitations: As only register-­based data were used, we were not able to explore the impact of variables not contained in the data set, such as the role of mental illness. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a prominent elevation in the risk of suicide among offspring who lost their parents to suicide. The risk elevation differed according to the sex of the afflicted offspring as well as to their age at exposure.

To Study & Implementation the Impact of Youth Mentoring

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Monika Bansal ◽  
Sh. Lbs Arya Mahila
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Professional Growth ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Youth Mentoring ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Study Implementation ◽  
Responsible Adult ◽  
The Impact

Youth Mentoring is the process of matching mentors with young people who need or want a caring responsible adult in their lives. It is defined as an on-going relationship between a caring adult and a young person which is required for self-development, professional growth and carrier development of the mentee and mentors both and all this must be placed within a specific institution context. The purpose of this article is to quantitatively review the three major areas of mentoring research (youth, academic, and workplace) to determine the overall effect size associated with mentoring outcomes for students.

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