PECULIARITIES OF THE ELITE SPORT POLITICIZATION PROCESS: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
E.V. SALNIKOV ◽  
◽  
I.N. SALNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
National State ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Norbert Elias ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competitive Games ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

The main purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of sports politicization, by which the authors, in accordance with the position of Norbert Elias and Pierre Bourdieu, understand the special practice of competitive games that arises in the states of the modern era. In this sense, the beginning of modern sports is the second half of the 19th century. The article demonstrates that throughout its development, sport goes through a complex evolution from the form of the embodiment of the power of the national state to the concept of sports outside politics, which is currently collapsing under the influence of explicit and hidden practices of the repoliticization of sports. Special attention is paid to the history of the fight against racism in sports, which in the 21st century is becoming a space for the realization of political interests, the hidden form of which is the practices of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement.

3. History and heroes

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Ben Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Western Perspective

Seen from a Western perspective, the history of comparative literature can be divided into three categories: how European literatures have been compared inside Europe; how European literature has been compared with other cultures outside Europe; and how literatures outside Europe have been compared among themselves. ‘History and heroes’ explains how from the empire building of the 19th century, via the Jewish diaspora of the 20th century, to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century, the problems and prejudices of comparative literature have formed a cultural counterpart to the problems and prejudices of modernity. To understand its history, in this spirit, is to understand why it matters.

scholarly journals Canguilhem and his Workgroup

2018 ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
José Ternes
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Positive History ◽  
Georges Canguilhem ◽  
Auguste Comte ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper develops a brief analysis of the book Du développement à l’évolution au XIXe siècle, by Georges Canguilhem and his research workgroup during the years 1958-1960. What is at stake is the history of two core concepts of biology in the 19th century whose unfolding continues to persist at the beginning of the 21st century. Concerning the positive history of modern science, influential works and authors in this history, particularly Spencer and Darwin, are addressed here, in addition to Auguste Comte and Lamarck, when taking into consideration their legendary aspect. Each of these concepts has a birthplace of its own. It is also possible to identify a remarkable historical démarche but also moments of rapprochement and even of inversion of their meanings; a history of errors, as well as a fundamental history of their histories and of their many retrospective illusions.

Venoms and poisonings during the centuries. A narrative review.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Alexandros Charitos ◽  
Roberto Gagliano-Candela ◽  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Lucrezia Bottalico
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Invisible

: Suffice it to say that the first traces of its use by man date back to ten thousand years ago the venom or poison since the last period of the Paleolithic man used poison to hunt and for defence. Indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, was found in some caves arrows made from the bones of animals characterized by particular grooves. In ancient Greece, the term pharmakon (φάρμακον) had a double meaning: remedy for therapy and venom. This is the period in which we become aware of the fact that a poison cannot be defined only as a substance capable of changing the properties of things. The poisonings are very frequent in the history of the Roman Empire and later in the Renaissance and the modern era. Poison was the protagonist political intrigues of power and is one of the most used lethal weapons over the years. Optimal solution for a perfect murder, the poison has a long history. Its success is due to the invisible and often unpunished death.

International historical what?

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Owens
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Governance Form ◽  
International Theory ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Social Science ◽  
The Relationship

This essay examines the relationship between history and theory through a historical and political analysis of the rise of distinctly social theories, concepts, and practices in the ‘long 19th century’. Sociomania, obsession with things ‘socio’, is a problem in international theory. It is also a serious missed opportunity for Buzan and Lawson’s study of the 19th century. The Global Transformation contributes to international theory in showing how mainstream IR has failed to grasp the full significance of this period. But, in this crucial regard at least, so too have its authors. In adopting rather than fully historicizing the rise and expansion of social theories, works of ‘historical social science’ obscure rather than illuminate the historical and political origins of social forms of governance and thought; underestimate their significance for the history of international theory; and are unable to identify the more fundamental governance form of which the rise of the modern social realm is a concrete historical expression.

The early days of hemostasis in neurosurgery

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. E5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Chivukula ◽  
Gregory M. Weiner ◽  
Johnathan A. Engh
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Modern Sense

Two key discoveries in the 19th century—infection control and the development of general anesthesia—provided an impetus for the rapid advancement of surgery, especially within the field of neurosurgery. Yet the field of neurosurgery would not have existed in the modern sense without the development and advancement of techniques in hemostasis. Improvement in intraoperative hemostasis came more gradually but was no less important to enhancing neurosurgical outcomes. The history of hemostasis in neurosurgery is often overlooked. Herein, the authors briefly review the historical progression of hemostatic techniques since the beginning of the early modern era of neurosurgery.

Historical Linguistics: Words and Things

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda M. Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rich History

Comparative historical linguistics is an approach comprising a set of methods that historians who have training in linguistics employ to reconstruct histories for periods of history for which written documentation is absent or scant. It is suggested that the use of comparative historical linguistics helped to push against the notion that people living in oral societies had to be deemed prehistorical, a category popularized in the 19th century, because it is premised that the rich history of the words comprising their languages hold troves of knowledge that historians can access and use to write narratives. Core steps of comparative historical linguistics are explained so that readers understand how researchers use modern-day spoken languages to work backward in time to reconstruct the histories of words that comprise the material items, ideas, and concepts that mattered to speakers of languages prior to the 21st century. The methods’ benefits are discussed, and their limitations highlighted.

Šihāb al-Dīn al-Marǧānī on the Divine Attributes: A Study in Kalām in the 19th Century

Arabica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Divine Essence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Ontological Relationship

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, very vibrant debates regarding the question of the divine attributes (ṣifāt), one of the central issues in the history of Islamic theology, arose among the Muslims of the Russian Empire. A continuation of pre-existing debates taking place at the time in Central Asia, the controversy over the attributes revolved around the question of their ontological relationship to the divine essence (ḏāt), and whether the predominant view, that of Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī, rendered the attributes too distinct from the essence, thus violating God’s oneness. One very prominent participant was the Tatar scholar Šihāb al-Dīn al-Marǧānī (d. 1889), who crafted a sophisticated critique of Taftāzānī and articulated a novel view of the attributes, based on the work of another Tatar scholar, Abū Naṣr Qūrṣāwī (d. 1812). This paper argues that not only do these debates show the continuation of the kalām tradition into the modern era, but they also represent important developments of that tradition in their own right, against the view that post-classical theology had become repetitive and derivative.

scholarly journals Schreiben mit Licht

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Ralf Bohn
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Digital Photography ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, the stillness of movement during a photographic exposure required a staging based on academic traditions. Staging is the »spatialization« of a present absence – comparable to »writing« in the sense of Derrida. With the increasing mobility of camera techniques from the 20th century onwards, the focus is no longer on the reproduction of a moment, but instead on its performative invention.With the digital photography of the 21st century, a transformation from theatrical to functional staging takes place. The history of the writing scene of photography illustrates the interplay between concealment through technology and re-aestheticization, which with increasing oscillation turns into motor dizziness.

scholarly journals The Social Division of Labor in Rural Spaces in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-224
Author(s):  
José Paulo Pietrafesa ◽  
Amone Inácia Alves ◽  
Pedro Araújo Pietrafesa
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Division ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study presents an analysis of the course of the agrarian conflicts that existed in Brazil, from 1940 to 2015, which placed the political-ideological centrality of the forces existing in the Brazilian rural sphere. The study is divided into two issues. a) The first, Social division of labor (Mészáros 2004) in the rural area due to the expansion of big rural properties, transforming the land for work into a land for business, opening a sequence of conflicts with peasants. b) The second refers to the analysis of data collected and organized by the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT in Portuguese), identifying agrarian conflicts in Brazil since 1985. The data offered until the year 2015 served as a meeting point to the history of Brazil, marked by its contradictions and memories, which at the same time, remaining alive, as if it is willing to continue to be an eternal present (Jameson 2002), through its structures of spoliation and conflict. Brazil entered the 21st century with large debts to be paid related to the 19th century. One of the biggest debits is the land issue. A question derived from these struggles, and not very simple to answer, is: does the number of families and areas involved in the conflicts change the national land structure in its productive and political aspects? Nowadays, these actions are organized by historical subjects, transforming individual demands into collective proposals in which social subjects perceive themselves as a political force and consolidate knowledge in a permanent educational process. Conflict data registered by the CPT (1985-2016) indicate that there was no change in popular demands for land property and use, and this may also indicate that there was no change in the Brazilian land structure

scholarly journals The history of the future closure of Brygidki: 150 years of discussion to move the penitentiary outside of Lviv

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
F. Ackermann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Penal Institution ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

This text will go back to the 19th century in order to show that the discussion about moving Brygidki to another location started as early as the 1870s when it turned out that the very materiality of the former convent prevented the legal bodies from adapting it to allow for a more dignified method of incarceration. In the 21st century, we witness an ongoing discussion on the need to move the Brygidki prison for people awaiting trial, officially Penal Institution No. 19, out of the city of Lviv.

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