scholarly journals Effects of international trade on world agricultural production and productivity: evidence from a panel of 126 countries 1962-2014

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Lingran Yuan ◽  
Qizheng Zhang ◽  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Weibin Hu ◽  
Binlei Gong
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
The World

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was notable in largely excluding agriculture whereas the World Trade Organization (WTO) brought agriculture into the world trade rules. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of trade on agriculture production and productivity, especially the changes between the GATT and WTO periods. Using a panel of 126 countries from 1962-2014, this article derives not only spillover effects that were overlooked, but also provides more accurate productivity than was estimated with bias in literature for both periods. We find that trade hindered agriculture production and productivity in the GATT period but improved agriculture production and productivity in the WTO period.

Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession

2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Agriculture Support

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

The Reasoning Structure in Legal Disputes on the International Trade of Biotechnology: From a Judicial Balance by Chance to a Judicial Balance by Design

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Alessandra GUIDA
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Biotech Products

The international trade in biotech products boosts national economies and advances scientific as well as technology innovation. However, while trading these products increases the spread of benefits on a global scale, it also increases risks to human health and the environment (ie biosafety). This is because the effects of this technology on biosafety are still highly uncertain. Against this background, the judicial bodies under the World Trade Organization (WTO) find themselves in the middle of an intricate and polarised debate in which a proper judicial balance between free trade and biosafety becomes fundamental in order to determine whether requests for ensuring human and environmental health justify trade restrictions. This paper aims to highlight that the WTO is institutionally unready for balancing economic and non-economic values. In suggesting how to rationalise the judicial balance between the competing interests in the context of biotechnology, this paper demonstrates that the judicial adoption of a well-structured proportionality analysis can turn the current balance by chance into a balance by structure.

scholarly journals The Effect of Halal Certificate towards Chicken Meat Import between Brazil and Indonesia according to Rule of GATT – WTO

IKONOMIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Hamzah Hamzah ◽  
Devika Tryza Ayodahya ◽  
MD. Sharifu Haque
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
World Trade ◽  
National Development ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
The World ◽  
Special Rules

Trade activity is one of the drivers of development in a country in order to obtain national development. In the current era of globalization, trade activities opened among the countries have developed quite rapidly. Indonesia has acquired a spinning wheel in international trade activities. Indonesia is actively involved in several negotiations concerning international trade and actively supports the national development. By becoming a member of the World Trade Organization, Indonesia has carried out important export activities to all parts of the world. Indonesia itself has special rules regarding important goods, specifically about food ingredients. Indonesia stops importing chicken because of the absence of halal labeling on these food ingredients. Indonesia is a country which most of its citizens are Muslim. Food which is consumed for Indonesia Muslim people is not only about safe and healthy but also about halal . Due to this rule, Brazil suffered a quite big loss and filled a lawsuit to WTO. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Indonesian national law regarding halal certification and how to resolve the dispute between Brazil and Indonesia on the issue of importing chicken meat.Keywords: Consumer Protection, Halal Certificate, WTO.

scholarly journals UPAYA MELAWAN PANDEMI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA, STUDI KASUS FASILITAS KEPABEANAN DAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Marsanto Adi Nurcahyo ◽  
Ario Seno Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Slowdown

The covid-19 pandemic has caused a global economic slowdown. Trade institutions and customs institutions provide facilities that are expected to encourage the economy not to fall into a sharp decline. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Customs Organization (WCO) as world organizations that regulate the movement of goods between countries have also issued instructions for their member countries to deal with this pandemic situation. This study aims to determine how the implementation of customs facilities and international trade during this pandemic. The research method used is a qualitative research method with descriptive techniques. The data used in this study are secondary data such as reports, research, and guidelines. The results of the study show that Indonesia has implemented customs facilities and international trade during this pandemic. This is following the guidelines published by the WTO and WCO, which are world organizations related to international trade. Programs carried out by Indonesia are also carried out by other countries which are good practices in international trade activities. The implication of this research is to recommend the customs institution to continue to increase cooperation with other border agencies in the form of coordinated border management..   Pandemi covid-19 telah membuat perlambatan ekonomi secara global. Institusi perdagangan dan institusi kepabeanan memberikan fasilitas yang tujuannya diharapkan dapat mendorong perekonomian tidak jatuh dalam penurunan yang tajam. World Trade Organization (WTO) dan World Customs Oganization (WCO) selaku organisasi dunia yang mengatur pergerakan barang antar negara juga telah mengeluarkan petunjuk bagi negara anggotanya untuk menghadapi situasi pandemi ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana implementasi fasilitas kepabeanan dan perdagangan internasional dalam masa pandemi ini. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik deskriptif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder seperti laporan, penelitian, dan buku petunjuk. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah mengimplementasikan fasilitas kepabeanan dan perdagangan internasional selama masa pandemi ini. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan panduan yang diterbitkan oleh WTO dan WCO yang merupakan badan dunia terkait dengan perdagangan internasional. Program yang dilakukan Indonesia juga dilakukan oleh negara lain yang merupakan good practices pada kegiatan perdagangan internasional. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah merekomendasikan kepada institusi kepabeanan agar terus meningkatkan Kerjasama dengan badan perbatasan lainnya dalam bentuk coordinated border management.  

Ways out of the Globalization Trilemma

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Herrmann-Pillath
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
Operational Criterion

Based on Rodrik’s diagnosis of a “globalization trilemma” in designing the institutions of international economic exchange, this chapter suggests a solution that applies Sen’s argument favoring realization-focused comparisons over transcendental institutionalism in evaluating institutions. In the paradigm of deliberative trade policy, this contribution approaches the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a regime of deliberation, reaching beyond the scope of interactions with civil society. This prepares the ground for normative principles of WTO reform that shift the emphasis from efficiency to justice, mainly in the procedural sense. The central operational criterion is the inclusiveness of international trade and trade policy. This is applied on the issues of multilateralism versus regionalism and the design of the dispute settlement process. A WTO renewed under the auspices of deliberative trade policy can meet the challenges of new trade policy issues such as coordination of regulatory regimes under the conditions of rapid and unpredictable technological change, and can resolve the tension between democracy and globalization as laid out in the globalization trilemma.

scholarly journals Implikasi Prinsip Most Favoured Nation terhadap Pengaturan Tarif Impor Di Indonesia

Wajah Hukum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Dony Yusra Pebrianto
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
National Production

The existence of trade liberalization are faced with the fact that competition in the trade of countries particularly in this export and import kian feels very rapidly. The existence of instruments of international law contained in the General Agreement on the set fee and Trade (GATT) becomes an important point in the conception of international trade arrangements for States parties who joined GATT in the World Trade Organization (WTO). So the principles inherent in the preparation of the concept of a national law for countries that have ratified GATT. Indonesia one of the countries that have ratified GATT would of course be bound by those principles, one of which is the principle of Most Favoured Nation tariff arrangements that implicates to import in Indonesia. So the protection of local commodities closed chances though limited to keep the continuity of the national production. 

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE WTO COMPLIANCE OF SELECTED ASPECTS OF SOUTH AFRICA’S INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION AMENDMENT BILL

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonias Ndlovu
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
South African ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Interested Party ◽  
Member States ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Position

This article argues that while South Africa’s International Trade Administration Amendment Bill and the attendant proposed regulations may generally be regarded as a positive legislative intervention, to a large extent, the new regulatory regime goes against the spirit, object and purport of the World Trade Organization (WTO) anti-dumping agreement and is even in conflict with South Africa’s International Trade Administration Act itself. In order to substantiate the above reservations, this article first outlines the basics of WTO dumping and anti-dumping law before proceeding to point out aspects of South Africa’s anti-dumping law and practicewhich incorporate WTO tenets. With the aid of selected WTO disputes and examples from comparative WTO member states, this article also comments on selected impugned changes likely to be introduced by the Bill and the new regulations and concludes that the proposed new law is unlikely to be WTO compliant. This conclusion is premised on the fact that South African dumping and anti-dumping law relating to confidentiality, the process of conducting investigations, termination of investigations based on de minimis margins and interested party hearings does not always mimic the legal position as espoused in the WTO anti-dumping agreementand interpreted in selected WTO disputes.

scholarly journals CHALLENGES FACED BY THE WTO’S ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN TRADE IN SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Nino Parsadanishvili
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The World

resent paper focuses on current crises in international trade in services negotiations from the perspective of consideration of trading interests of developing and least developed countries in line with the operational agenda of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Through the analysis of the existing international legal texts and scholarly works particular attention is paid to the different rounds of trade in services negotiations in parallel to the consideration of the results of relevant ministerial conferences of the World Trade Organization, drawing attention to the situation with regards of consideration of the interests of developing and least developed country members of the WTO. Special focus is paid to the complexity of the decision making process and it’s complication over time due to increased participation of parties concerned in the process of trade in services negotiations resulting in no progress in the overall process. Next to analyzing the challenges faced by the WTO in trade in services negotiations, especially in terms of considering the interests of developing and least developed countries, paper shows the ways that could be used during 2020 Kazakhstan Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization for finding solutions to simplify the decision making process and establish freer international trade in services by the way of either implying new approaches in interpreting the existing multilateral treaties that deal with trade in services between all member states of the WTO or deepening the discussions on a new plurilateral agreement helping the organization to overcome the stagnated process of trade in services negotiations and therefore ensuring the compliance with it’s own operational goals.

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