Isolation and molecular characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from sheep in  Brazil

Background: Pododermatitis or footrot is an infectious disease that affects the hoof and interdigital tissue of sheep causing lameness. The disease is caused by the interaction of the agent Dichelobacter nodosus and symbiotic bacteria in the complex environment of the epidermal tissues of the hoof and host immune system. D. nodosus is not able to invadehealthy hooves, so the infection is preceded by colonization of the interdigital skin by Fuso bacterium necrophorum. The aim of this research was to perform the isolation andcharacterization of D. nodosus in sheep farms of different municipalities of Bahia, obtaining the serogroups present in each herd.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out in nine sheep farms from eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. All farms presented history of foot diseases. A total of 620 animals were observed, 140 of which were examined for lameness. To collect the contents of the lesions, sterile swabs were introduced into tubes containing sterile Thorley transport medium under refrigeration at 8°C and sent for laboratory analysis. Subsequently, each swab collected was seeded in two Petri dishes containing 4% hoof agar medium and incubated in anaerobic at 37°C for 96 hours. The purified samples were seeded on 2% hoof agar and incubated under the same conditions as above. The colonies were identified by the morphological characteristic and Gram staining. The DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C until its use in PCR, for identification and classification of D. nodosus in serogroups (A-I). In the nine farms visited were found animals with clinical signs of infectious pododermatitis.After processing, there was success of isolation in 39 samples (41%), confirming the presence of D. nodosus in all municipalities evaluated. Seven serogroups (A, B, D, E, F, H, I) were identified, totalizing 52 positive cases involving these serogroups, being the most prevalent the serogroups D, with 59% of the cases (31/52) and H with 17% (7/52). Of the total samples, 11.5% had mixed infections with more than one serogroup per animal. Infection by up to two serogroups was found in 9.5% of the samples. Infection by more than two serogroups was found in only 2.1% of the samples of the present study.Discussion: The variations found in the number of affected animals and evolution of the lesions can be explained by the nature of the strains present in each farm and by epidemiological factors. According to the literature, it is possible to observe percentage variations of success in culturing D. nodosus either in different countries or in different regions within the same country, finding larger, smaller and similar values to this work (41%). These variations usually occur for reasons related to the quantity and viability of the bacteria in the samples. Thus, the number of bacteria in the lesion, degree of contamination with other bacteria, type and use of means of transport, besides the time elapsed among thecollection, packaging and shipment are primordial elements to reach good isolation rates. Among all the serogroups found in this experiment, D and H were the predominant ones. The present work is the first in Brazil to characterize isolates of D. nodosus by PCR, a more accurate molecular technique than the previously used technique, based on microagglutination, and the first report in the country involving serogroup I, including mixed infections of this species (D + H + I) and other serogroups (E + F, D + H). Thus, the knowledge of the serogroups prevalent in a given state or country is directly related to both prevention and eradication of the disease.

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Biofilm on Tenckhoff Catheters: A Negligible Source of Contamination

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686088700700311 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 174-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Christian Verger Anne-Marie ◽

Chesneau Michel Thibault ◽

Nelly Bataille

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Material ◽

Gram Staining ◽

Microbiological Techniques ◽

Viable Bacteria ◽

History Of ◽

Single Use ◽

Conventional Systems

The authors studied the presence and characterization of biofilm in the lumen of Tenckhoff chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters of 17 CAPD patients to elucidate the role of biofilm as a source of peritonitis. At the time of investigation, all 17 patients were peritonitis-free. All used a single-use, Y -system without disinfectant. Previously eight had used the conventional system. Seven had experienced II episodes of peritonitis with their present catheter (4 episodes while on conventional systems). Ten patients had no history of peritonitis. Four samples from each catheter were obtained with aseptic technique: swabs from inside the titanium adaptor, a 5 cm proximal segment removed and sectioned longitudinally to obtain luminal scrapings, a nylon brush sample from the entire length of the catheter, and from fluid run through the catheter after introducing the brush. All samples were treated by different microbiological techniques and incubated under various conditions. In vitro control experiments were performed to recover biofilm with the brush technique. Whereas all controls were positive, 100% of the samples demonstrated no bacterial growth after two -weeks’ incubation. Five patients’ catheters (four with previous peritonitis) examined under light microscopy contained amorphous material without viable bacteria as evidenced by both growth experiments and mi croscopy. Ten catheters were examined on scanning electron microscopy: the inner surface of all were covered with a protein-Iike membra nous deposit. Occasional bacteria and various number of macrophages were observed on three catheters. On two other catheters, biofilm looked like bacterial microcolonies but this was not confirmed by gram-staining and cultures. Results suggest that biofilm is not ubiquitous in catheters of CAPD patients and that the catheter does not appear to be a bacterial reservoir that would provoke peritonitis. Biofilm might be secondary to frequent peritonitis and/or frequent asymptomatic intra-luminal catheter contaminations. The low peritonitis rate of the studied patients and the use of Y -line systems could explain the absence of a typical biofilm. Results also suggest there may be two types of biofilm -one made up of adherent bacteria and glycocalyx, and one made up of non-contaminated protein -like deposits. The presence of each type would depend of the efficacy of connectors in avoiding touch contaminations.

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First Clinical Signs of the Bipolar Prodrome

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70355-4 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

G. Juckel

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Family History ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Psychotic Episode ◽

Affective Temperament ◽

History Of ◽

Bipolar Patients

Temperament and mood swings are promising indicator for the characterization of mood-spectrum vulnerability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between affective temperament and mood swings in bipolar disorder. We explored these clinical features retrospectively. Patients who met the criteria for Bipolar I disorder were enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria were partial remittance and a full affective or psychotic episode. Data concerning illness and family history, mood swings (semi-structured interview) and depression (BDI) were obtained. We examined premorbid temperament with TEMPS-A, and with the validated German version TEMPS-M. Patients with and without mood swings were compared with respect to the dominant temperament. Out of 20 bipolar patients, 6 subjects reported mood swings prior to the onset of affective disorder. Subjects with mood swings significantly correlated with a positive family history of affective disorders. Concerning cyclothymic, irritable, and hyperthymic temperament, bipolar affective patients with mood swings had higher scores. No differences were found between males and females. Our findings support the assumption that mood swings, as represented by the cyclothymic temperament, could be prodromes of bipolar disorder. These traits may represent vulnerability markers and could presumably be used to identify individuals at high risk for developing bipolar disorder in order to prevent this illness or to modify its course. A further retrospective study with a larger sample size was started to deepen knowledge about putative prodromal symptoms of bipolar disorder.

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Intraocular tuberculosis, a challenge in diagnosis and treatment

Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.25259/lajo_17_2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Martina Larroude ◽

Gustavo Ariel Budmann

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Ocular Tuberculosis ◽

Industrial Countries ◽

Choroidal Granuloma ◽

History Of ◽

And Migration ◽

Ocular Tb

Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an extrapulmonary tuberculous condition and has variable manifestations. The incidence of TB is still high in developing countries, and a steady increase in new cases has been observed in industrial countries as a result of the growing number of immunodeficient patients and migration from developing countries. Choroidal granuloma is a rare and atypical location of TB. We present a case of a presumptive choroidal granuloma. This case exposes that diagnosis can be remarkably challenging when there is no history of pulmonary TB. The recognition of clinical signs of ocular TB is extremely important since it provides a clinical pathway toward tailored investigations and decision making for initiating anti-TB therapy and to ensure a close follow-up to detect the development of any complication.

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Subversive Mobilities

Transfers ◽

10.3167/trans.2013.030103 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 7-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mikkel Thelle

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Cultural History ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Public Action ◽

History Of ◽

Urban Conflict

The article approaches mobility through a cultural history of urban conflict. Using a case of “The Copenhagen Trouble,“ a series of riots in the Danish capital around 1900, a space of subversive mobilities is delineated. These turn-of-the-century riots points to a new pattern of mobile gathering, the swarm; to a new aspect of public action, the staging; and to new ways of configuring public space. These different components indicate an urban assemblage of subversion, and a new characterization of the “throwntogetherness“ of the modern public.

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Surgical management of choke through oesophagotomy in a buffalo: A case report

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v12i3.7098 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Devasee Borakhatariya ◽

A. B. Gadara

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Surgical Management ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Thoracic Inlet ◽

Cervical Oesophagus ◽

Foreign Objects ◽

History Of ◽

Oesophageal Obstruction ◽

Large Animals

Oesophageal disorders are relatively uncommon in large animals. Oesophageal obstruction is the most frequently encountered clinical presentation in bovine and it may be intraluminal or extra luminal (Haven, 1990). Intraluminal obstruction or “choke” is the most common abnormality that usually occurs when foreign objects, large feedstuff, medicated boluses, trichobezoars, or oesophageal granuloma lodge in the lumen of the oesophagus. Oesophageal obstructions in bovine commonly occur at the pharynx, the cranial aspect of the cervical oesophagus, the thoracic inlet, or the base of the heart (Choudhary et al., 2010). Diagnosis of such problem depends on the history of eating particular foodstuff and clinical signs as bloat, tenesmus, retching, and salivation

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Shakespeare Afoot

10.1093/oso/9780198793755.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John Kerrigan

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Richard Iii ◽

Midsummer Night's Dream ◽

As You Like It ◽

A Midsummer Night's Dream ◽

History Of ◽

The Way

That Shakespeare adds a limp to the received characterization of Richard III is only the most conspicuous instance of his interest in how actors walked, ran, danced, and wandered. His attention to actors’ footwork, as an originating condition of performance, can be traced from Richard III through A Midsummer Night’s Dream and As You Like It into Macbeth, which is preoccupied with the topic and activity all the way to the protagonist’s melancholy conclusion that ‘Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player | That struts and frets his hour upon the stage’. Drawing on classical and early modern accounts of how people walk and should walk, on ideas about time and prosody, and the experience of disability, this chapter cites episodes in the history of performance to show how actors, including Alleyn, Garrick, and Olivier, have worked with the opportunities to dramatize footwork that are provided by Shakespeare’s plays.

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Theology in the Church of England

10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0021 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

B. W. Young

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Church Of England ◽

Ecclesiastical History ◽

International Reputation ◽

History Of ◽

Joseph Butler ◽

Anglican Theology ◽

The Many ◽

The Church

The dismissive characterization of Anglican divinity between 1688 and 1800 as defensive and rationalistic, made by Mark Pattison and Leslie Stephen, has proved more enduring than most other aspects of a Victorian critique of the eighteenth-century Church of England. By directly addressing the analytical narratives offered by Pattison and Stephen, this chapter offers a comprehensive re-evaluation of this neglected period in the history of English theology. The chapter explores the many contributions to patristic study, ecclesiastical history, and doctrinal controversy made by theologians with a once deservedly international reputation: William Cave, Richard Bentley, William Law, William Warburton, Joseph Butler, George Berkeley, and William Paley were vitalizing influences on Anglican theology, all of whom were systematically depreciated by their agnostic Victorian successors. This chapter offers a revisionist account of the many achievements in eighteenth-century Anglican divinity.

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Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin Lymphoma: Past, Present, Future

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21186623 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 6623 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marc Bienz ◽

Salima Ramdani ◽

Hans Knecht

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Targeted Therapy ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Genetic Instability ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Cellular Interactions ◽

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

The Past

Our understanding of the tumorigenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and the formation of Reed–Sternberg cells (RS-cells) has evolved drastically in the last decades. More recently, a better characterization of the signaling pathways and the cellular interactions at play have paved the way for new targeted therapy in the hopes of improving outcomes. However, important gaps in knowledge remain that may hold the key for significant changes of paradigm in this lymphoma. Here, we discuss the past, present, and future of cHL, and review in detail the more recent discoveries pertaining to genetic instability, anti-apoptotic signaling pathways, the tumoral microenvironment, and host-immune system evasion in cHL.

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L2HGDH Missense Variant in a Cat with L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12050682 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 682

Author(s):

Matthias Christen ◽

Nils Janzen ◽

Anne Fraser ◽

Adrian C. Sewell ◽

Vidhya Jagannathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Genetic Defect ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Missense Variant ◽

Microcytic Anemia ◽

Abnormal Behavior ◽

Functional Candidate Gene ◽

History Of ◽

The Brain ◽

Hydroxyglutaric Acid

A 7-month-old, spayed female, domestic longhair cat with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) was investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs, metabolic changes and underlying genetic defect. The owner of the cat reported a 4-month history of multiple paroxysmal seizure-like episodes, characterized by running around the house, often in circles, with abnormal behavior, bumping into obstacles, salivating and often urinating. The episodes were followed by a period of disorientation and inappetence. Neurological examination revealed an absent bilateral menace response. Routine blood work revealed mild microcytic anemia but biochemistry, ammonia, lactate and pre- and post-prandial bile acids were unremarkable. MRI of the brain identified multifocal, bilaterally symmetrical and T2-weighted hyperintensities within the prosencephalon, mesencephalon and metencephalon, primarily affecting the grey matter. Urinary organic acids identified highly increased levels of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid. The cat was treated with the anticonvulsants levetiracetam and phenobarbitone and has been seizure-free for 16 months. We sequenced the genome of the affected cat and compared the data to 48 control genomes. L2HGDH, coding for L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, was investigated as the top functional candidate gene. This search revealed a single private protein-changing variant in the affected cat. The identified homozygous variant, XM_023255678.1:c.1301A>G, is predicted to result in an amino acid change in the L2HGDH protein, XP_023111446.1:p.His434Arg. The available clinical and biochemical data together with current knowledge about L2HGDH variants and their functional impact in humans and dogs allow us to classify the p.His434Arg variant as a causative variant for the observed neurological signs in this cat.

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Peasants, Colonialism, and Sovereignty: The Garo rebellions in eastern India

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x20000426 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-37

Author(s):

SANGHAMITRA MISRA

Keyword(s):

Historical Narrative ◽

Colonial State ◽

Colonial India ◽

Colonial Modernity ◽

Northeastern India ◽

British Rule ◽

Core Elements ◽

Colonial Archive ◽

History Of

Abstract This article studies two seismic decades in the history of the Garo community, marked out in colonial records as among the most violent and isolated people that British rule encountered in eastern and northeastern India. Through a densely knit historical narrative that hinges on an enquiry into the colonial reordering of the core elements of the regional political economy of eastern and northeastern India, it will train its focus on the figure of the rebellious Garo peasant and on the arresting display of Garo recalcitrance between 1807 and 1820. Reading a rich colonial archive closely and against the grain, the article will depart from extant historiography in its characterization of the colonial state in the early nineteenth century as well as of its relationship with ‘tribes’/‘peasants’ in eastern and northeastern India. A critique of the idea of primitive violence and the production of the ‘tribe’ under conditions of colonial modernity will occupy the latter half of the article. Here it will argue that the numerous and apparently disparate acts of headhunting, raids, plunder, and burning by the Garos on the lowlands of Bengal and Assam were in fact an assembling of the first of a series of sustained peasant rebellions in this part of colonial India—a powerful manifestation of a community's historical consciousness of the loss of its sovereign self under British rule.

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