scholarly journals THE ROLE OF COMMERCIALLY PROVIDED SECURITY IN AFRICA’S PATRIMONIAL SECURITY COMPLEX

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Krieg ◽  
Christopher Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Private Security ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Public Nature

With the concept of public security generally absent in Africa and a factionalized security sector of both state and non-state actors delivering security exclusively to certain groups affiliated with patrimonial elites, this paper examines the role of commercial providers of security within African security sectors. In factionalized security sectors with limited territorial reach, the state unable or unwilling to provide security as a public good within its boundaries has long lost its monopoly to control violence. It is against this backdrop that this paper asks the question to what extent commercial providers of security in Africa add another dimension to an already complex non-public security sector dominated by de-publicized statutory and non-statutory security providers. Thereby, this paper focuses on the degree to which commercial providers of security are embedded into patrimonial networks catering for exclusive private security interests of certain elites. Focusing on the issue of the private or public nature of commercially provided security in Africa through the prism of normative theory, this paper neither intends to make a moral value judgment about the legitimacy of commercially provided security in Africa nor intends to relativize the private patrimonial nature of commercially provided security as a phenomenon inherent in African civil-security sector relations. This paper rather tries to lay an exploratory foundation for the understanding of the interests driving commercial providers of security in Africa. 

The Legal Framework for Foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1750 to 1918

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-172
Author(s):  
Gabriele Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Law

Foundations, as permanent funds established by a certain legal act, can serve manifold purposes, but often pursue charitable goals. As such, they play an important role for the public good. Therefore, states always had an interest in fostering foundations by providing a pertinent legal framework. In Austria, this topic has not yet been the focus of scholarship. Through this study some light is shed on the implementation of the law on foundations in the Habsburg Monarchy. It focuses on the role of the state and its legal system regarding the regulation and supervision of foundations from 1750 to 1918. This period is characterized by the sovereigns’ endeavor to regulate the position of foundations via extensive legislation. In particular, a system of oversight for foundations was created in order to guarantee the attainment of their charitable goals. In fact, this system prevailed until the end of the 20thcentury.

“A Trespass against the Whole Species”: Universal Crime and Sovereign Founding in John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-585
Author(s):  
Sinja Graf
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation

This essay theorizes how the enforcement of universal norms contributes to the solidification of sovereign rule. It does so by analyzing John Locke’s argument for the founding of the commonwealth as it emerges from his notion of universal crime in the Second Treatise of Government. Previous studies of punishment in the state of nature have not accounted for Locke’s notion of universal crime which pivots on the role of mankind as the subject of natural law. I argue that the dilemmas specific to enforcing the natural law against “trespasses against the whole species” drive the founding of sovereign government. Reconstructing Locke’s argument on private property in light of universal criminality, the essay shows how the introduction of money in the state of nature destabilizes the normative relationship between the self and humanity. Accordingly, the failures of enforcing the natural law require the partitioning of mankind into separate peoples under distinct sovereign governments. This analysis theorizes the creation of sovereign rule as part of the political productivity of Locke’s notion of universal crime and reflects on an explicitly political, rather than normative, theory of “humanity.”

The Normative Complexity of Private Security: Beyond Legal Regulation and Stigmatization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Math Noortmann ◽  
Juliette Koning
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private Security ◽  
Corporate Ethics ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Private Security Companies ◽  
Anthropological Approach ◽  
Privatization Of Security

This chapter discusses the normative complexity of private security. It formulates a critique of the stigmatization of private security companies and of the emphasis in the literature on the limitations of legal regulation, highlighting the role of self-regulation in the form of corporate ethics and (international) branch standards. Based on a review of scholarly literature, (inter)national cases, and examples from fieldwork in South Africa, the chapter captures the growing plurality of actors and voices in a vastly diversifying private security sector. In order to overcome the traditional bias regarding private security and its corporate sector, the authors advocate an organizational anthropological approach to uncover regulatory alternatives and the ethical and normative diversity that is essential to a comprehensive understanding of the privatization of security.

Introducing Students to Locke and Madison

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Dick W. Olufs
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Liberal State ◽  
Class Time ◽  
American Method ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Classroom Use ◽  
Crucial Part

The first half of my Introduction to Political Science course deals with normative theory, in particular the theories underlying the American method of organizing a polity. I agree with C.B. MacPherson that Locke's Second Treatise provided the “title deeds” of the liberal state and is a crucial part of American thinking on politics, the individual, and the state. Madison's Federalist #10 is an extension of Locke into the practical matters of organizing a new constitution. This essay describes the classroom use of games, lecture and discussion to introduce students to these theorists.The course begins with Madison, mainly because students can understand and apply the concepts of the entire argument much more quickly. The successful use of games and exercises in the classroom requires an immediate start to student participation, an active expectation of student roles in the course. Two hours of class time is sufficient to discuss and review Madison's argument. Time is spent on its implications for the role of the individual, the state, and the dynamics of politics.

scholarly journals Segurança Pública, Violência Urbana e Expansão do Setor de Segurança Privada no Município do Rio de Janeiro

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
José Pedro Guedes Quintella ◽  
José Luis Felicio Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Private Security ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Private Organization ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

The research was guided by the purpose of identifying how, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the lack of public security policies affect the private security sector. The referential theoretical framework embraced the themes of social and economic contextualization of private security, the institutionalization of private security and the problem of public security in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The empirical stage of the study included semi-structured interviews with key informants, three of whom were directors of different medium-sized companies in the private security sector located in the municipality, a high-ranking officer of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, and the president of a private organization which provides training services to civilians, military and police forces. The results confirms contradictory aspects of integration and imbalance between the private security sector and the public power, as well as raises unique issues, such as the causal relation between the media role in violence and the growth of the sector, and the antinomy between the amplification of the ostensible presence of the police force on the streets and the increase of the sense of insecurity that causes the growth of the demand for private security.

Being Watched and Being Handled

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-156
Author(s):  
Jesse Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
The State ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
Global North ◽  
Critical Aspects

This chapter explores how risk assessments at universities in the Global North revolve around the Northern researcher and their associates and participants. It looks into the wider and longer-term consequences of researcher behaviour in the field that are less considered or understood. It also discusses Jesse Driscoll's fieldwork in the context of research in illiberal states. By employing a game-theoretical model that draws on extensive fieldwork experiences in Central Asia and the south Caucasus, the chapter shows the stakes involved in the game for two types of players: a bureaucrat in the security sector of the state where the research is taking place and a researcher who wants to publish critical aspects of the politics of the state in question. It highlights the potential dangers of academic work that interprets the role of the researcher in an oppressive context, as well as that of a social and political activist.

scholarly journals Mediação policial, segurança pública e segurança humana: uma abordagem reflexiva / Police mediation, public security and human security: a reflexive approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Chianca Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Human Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Police Practice ◽  
Política Criminal

Resumo: Este trabalho debate se a mediação policial é um instrumento de humanização da segurança pública ou não, ensejando uma discussão maior sobre como tornar a segurança pública mais humana. Assim, discutem-se as premissas da segurança pública tradicional, o papel da polícia e do Estado e as bases da segurança pública humana. Passa-se a um estudo da mediação enquanto meio de resolução de conflitos e, especificamente, da mediação policial. Destaca-se o papel da mediação enquanto política criminal e verifica-se que a mediação policial tem características que a aproximam da segurança humana; mas, ainda está abarcada pela figura do Estado e permeada pela segurança pública tradicional. Conclui-se, então, que a mediação policial, apesar de estar imbricada com os interesses estatais, consegue incluir características mais humanas na prática policial, abarcando a figura da vítima de maneira mais protetora, possibilitando a resolução dos conflitos sociais de forma mais direta e aproximando o Estado da sociedade civil. Aponta-se, no entanto, para a necessidade de reformas mais amplas na segurança pública brasileira. Para o desenvolvimento dessa discussão, realiza-se um estudo qualitativo, utilizando-se de uma metodologia baseada em pesquisas bibliográficas sobre as temáticas apresentadas, breves exposições de casos em que a mediação policial foi utilizada e verificação de associação entre os elementos da teoria de segurança humana e a prática da mediação policial.Palavras-chave: Mediação policial; Segurança pública; Segurança humana. Abstract: This paper debates whether police mediation is a humanizing instrument of public security or not, aiming to trigger a larger discussion about how public security can be made more human. Thus, it discusses the assumptions of traditional public security, the role of the police and the state and the bases of human public security. It goes through a study of mediation as a mean of conflict resolution hovering specifically over the police mediation. It highlights the role of mediation as a criminal policy and argues that police mediation has characteristics that approximate it to the human security, while still being embraced by the figure of the state and permeated by traditional public security. It concludes that police mediation, despite being intertwined with state interests, can include more human characteristics in police practice, comprehending the figure of the victim more protectively, thus enabling the resolution of social conflicts more directly while approaching the state to civil society. It points out, however, to the necessity of broader reforms within Brazilian public security. In order to develop this discussion, a qualitative study was carried out, using a methodology based on bibliographic research on the presented issues, as well as brief reviews of cases where police mediation was used and finally, a verification of the association between elements of human security theory and the practice of police mediation.Keywords: Police Mediation; Public Security; Human Security.

scholarly journals BARRICADED IN THE SUBURBS: Private security via road closures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boyane Tshehla
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Private Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Role Of The State

One of the international debates that occupy academics, policy makers and civil society at large is, undoubtedly, the pluralisation and/or privatisation of security and policing. At the centre of this debate is the inability of states to serve the security needs of their citizens. Perhaps it is just a realisation that, despite perceptions to the contrary, the state has historically never been able to provide adequate security, and that the current inability is by no means unique to modern society. Whatever the reason, the fact remains that the state has become just one of the providers of safety and security – with private security (in its various incarnations) – increasingly assuming more of a role in the provision of security than the state. The role of the state is being toned down from that of the primary provider of safety and security, as anticipated, to that of a ‘regulatory’ organ. The role of the state has been observed as that of steering the boat rather than rowing it.

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