scholarly journals Internet e Proteção de Dados Pessoais: uma Análise das Normas Jurídicas Brasileiras a partir das Repercussões do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salete Oro Boff ◽  
Vinícius Borges Fortes
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
National Security Agency ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Right

INTERNET E PROTEÇÃO DE DADOS PESSOAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DAS NORMAS JURÍDICAS BRASILEIRAS A PARTIR DAS REPERCUSSÕES DO CASO NSA VS. EDWARD SNOWDEN  INTERNET AND PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA: AN ANALYSIS OF BRAZILIAN LEGAL STANDARDS THROUGH THE REPERCUSSIONS OF THE CASE NSA VS. EDWARD SNOWDEN   Salete Oro Boff*Vinícius Borges Fortes**  RESUMO: A Constituição Federal do Brasil, no artigo 5º, inciso X, assegura a inviolabilidade da vida privada, da intimidade e da honra como um direito fundamental. O Marco Civil da Internet instituiu, no Brasil, diversidade de princípios e parâmetros para a regulação da internet no país. Observa-se, assim, a existência de uma lacuna no sistema jurídico brasileiro, de norma e infraestrutura, para a efetivação da garantia ao direito à proteção dos dados na internet como em outros países. Esta pesquisa busca responder em que medida a norma jurídica brasileira esta adequada como resposta aos atos de vigilância e monitoramento de informações e dados pessoais dos usuários praticada pela NSA – National Security Agency, a partir dos objetivos de (i) observar e mapear a interação de diálogos sociais e institucionais dos Estados Unidos na formação do backlash do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden; (ii) observar e mapear os resultados da formação do backlash do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden a partir do reconhecimento da violação do direito à privacidade e à proteção dos dados pessoais como violação de direitos humanos; (iii) observar e mapear as normas jurídicas brasileiras constituídas a partir da compreensão jurídica da internet e as repercussões do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden. A pesquisa desenvolve o método de análise do mapeamento crítico, analisando comparativamente a interação de diálogos sociais e institucionais nos Estados Unidos na formação do backlash no caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden, relacionado à vigilância e monitoramento de dados e informações pessoais pela agência estadunidense. O mapeamento crítico proposto nessa pesquisa leva em consideração os marcos regulatórios para a governança da internet no Brasil, e que tenham por escopo assegurar a proteção jurídica do direito à privacidade, à inviolabilidade dos dados pessoais, em equilíbrio com o direito ao acesso à informação, sobretudo em relação ao tema do estudo, que se concentra na compreensão de que a violação do direito à privacidade e à proteção dos dados pessoais configura uma transgressão aos direitos humanos. A pesquisa identifica que o Brasil possui normas jurídicas que atendem parcialmente aos anseios da sociedade em relação à proteção de dados pessoais, especialmente após a repercussão dos atos de vigilância em massa promovidos pelo governo dos EUA. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Privacidade. Vigilância em massa. Ciberespaço. NSA vs. Edward Snowden. ABSTRACT: Brazilian Federal Constitution, Article 5, section X, ensure the inviolability of privacy, intimacy and honour as a fundamental right. The Brazilian Internet Bill of Rights (also called ‘Marco Civil da Internet’) instituted a diversity of principles and parameters for regulation of Internet in Brazil. Therefore, it can be verified the existence of a gap in Brazilian legal system, which cannot assure as effective guarantee to the right to data protection on the Internet as identified in other countries. This research seeks to analyze to what extent the Brazilian legal rules are appropriate to answer acts of surveillance and monitoring of information and personal data of users practiced by the NSA - National Security Agency. Its aim is (i) to observe and map the interaction between social and institutional dialogues in US in the backlash formation of the NSA vs. Edward Snowden case; (ii) to observe and map the results of the formation of the backlash of the NSA vs. Edward Snowden case through the recognition of the infringement of the right to privacy and protection of personal data as an infringement of human rights; and (iii) to examine and map Brazilian legal rules established based on a legal understanding of the Internet and the repercussions of the NSA vs. Edward Snowden. This research was developed through the method of analysis of critical mapping, comparatively analysing the interaction of social and institutional dialogue in the United States in the formation of backlash of NSA vs. Edward Snowden, which was related to the surveillance and the monitoring of data and personal information by the US agency. The critical mapping proposed in this study takes into account  regulatory frameworks for the governance of the Internet in Brazil that have the scope to ensure legal protection of the right to privacy and inviolability of personal data, in balance with the right of access to information. The research emphasizes the understanding that the infringement of the right to privacy and the protection of personal data constitutes a violation of human rights. The study identifies that Brazil has legal rules that partially meet social concerns regarding the protection of personal data, especially after the impact of actions of mass surveillance promoted by the US government. KEYWORDS: Privacy. Surveillance. Cyberspace. Human rights. NSA vs. Edward Snowden. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 Internet, ciberespaço e sociedade: a violação de direitos e o uso de dados pessoais. 1.1 A sociedade da relevância, o Estado de vigilância e a surveillance. 2 Uma análise da violação de dados pessoais na internet a partir do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden. 2.1 O Direito brasileiro e as repercussões do caso NSA vs. Edward Snowden. 2.1.1 A tutela da proteção de dados pessoais em um contexto constituído a partir de uma compreensão jurídica da internet. Conclusão. Referências.* Pós-doutora pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Doutora em Direito pela Universidade do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rio Grande do Sul.** Doutor em Direito pela Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, na linha de pesquisa Direitos Fundamentais e Novos Direitos. Professor do curso de Direita da Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Rio Grande do Sul.

The Impact of New Technologıes on Human Rıghts ın the Context of the Rıght to be Forgotten and the Rıght to Prıvacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
GULNAZ AYDIN RZAYEVA ◽  
AYTAKIN NAZIM IBRAHIMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Right To Be Forgotten ◽  
Internet Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The development of new technologies also has an impact on human rights. In the previous “epochs” of global information society, it was stated that that traditional rights can be exercised online. For instance, in 2012 (and again in 2014 and 2016), the UN Human Rights Council emphasized that ‘the same rights granted to people, so to speak, in an “offline” manner, must be protected online as well’. This, in its turn, implicitly brought to the reality that the new technetronic society did not create new rights. Though, we should take into consideration that in the digital world national legislative norms that guarantee the confidentiality of personal data often do not catch up with the technological development and, thus, can’t ensure confidentiality online. Therefore, the impact of digitalization on human rights within the frames of international and national laws should be broadly analysed and studied. The article’s objective is to analyze the impact of new technologies on human rights in the context of the right to be forgotten and right to privacy. Because the development of new technologies is more closely linked to the security of personal data. With the formation of the right to be forgotten, it is the issue of ensuring the confidentiality of certain contents of personal data as a result of the influence of the time factor. The authors conclude that, the right to be forgotten was previously defended more in the context of the right to privacy. However, they cannot be considered equal rights. The right to be forgotten stems from a person’s desire to develop and continue his or her life independently without being the object of criticism for any negative actions he or she has committed in the past. If the right to privacy contains generally confidential information, the right to be forgotten is understood as the deletion of known information at a certain time and the denial of access to third parties. Thus, the right to be forgotten is not included in the right to privacy, and can be considered an independent right. The point is that the norms of the international and national documents, which establish fundamental human rights and freedoms, do not regulate issues related to the right to be forgotten. The right to be forgotten should be limited to the deletion of information from the media and Internet information resources. This is not about the complete destruction of information available in state information systems. Another conclusion of authors is that the media and Internet information resources sometimes spread false information. In this case, there will be no content of the right to be forgotten. Because the main thing is that the information that constitutes the content of the right to be forgotten must be legal, but after some time it has lost its significance. The scope of information included in the content of the right to be forgotten should not only be related to the conviction, but also to other special personal data (for example, the fact of divorce).

scholarly journals Economia da intrusão e modulação na internet | The economy of intrusion and modulation on the internet

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Right ◽  
Informational Economy ◽  
Conflictual Relationship

RESUMO O texto trata da economia da interceptação de dados pessoais, também denominada economia da intrusão, componente importante da economia informacional. Mostra a dinâmica da busca pelas atenções e a necessidade crescente da captura de dados pessoais com o objetivo de modular comportamentos e influenciar nas escolhas dos conectados. O texto indica a relação conflituosa entre o direito à privacidade e o mercado de venda de dados pessoais que avança na internet.Palavras-chave: Economia da Intrusão; Privacidade; Mercado de Dados Pessoais; Modulação; Internet.ABSTRACT This paper addresses the economy of personal data interception, also called the intrusion economy, an important component of the informational economy.  It shows the dynamics of attention-getting and the growing need to capture personal data aiming at modulating behaviour and influencing the choices of internet users. The paper points to the conflictual relationship between the right to privacy on one hand and the growing market for personal data on the other.Keywords: Intrusion Economy; Privacy; Market for Personal Data; Modulation; Internet. 

scholarly journals Big Data and "New Surveillance": Is International Regulation Feasible?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Winkels
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Big Data ◽  
International System ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Right

The collection and analysis of individuals data by governments and organizations is an area that lacks overarching protection at the international level, there is potential for an international system monitoring the use of Big Data and providing protections against violations of the right to privacy among other human rights laws. This paper outlines the policy background, then analyzes the use of Big Data through case studies of collection of data on LBTQ+ in Russia, and Uyghur Muslims in China’s Xinjiang province. After establishing the potential for abuses and violations of human rights and the right to privacy through unfettered access to personal data, this paper then considers proposed models to assess and protect human rights in this area, and looks at the potential for the development of an international monitoring system. To take steps towards developing an international legal framework of data protection I argue that the use of international norms to create monitoring bodies, and treaty law between nation-states and also international organizations can be utilized to develop such a framework. 

DIGITAL RIGHTS — NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-167
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. VARLAMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Digital Rights ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Right To Be Forgotten ◽  
The Right

Among the digital rights, besides the right for internet access that was the subject of consideration in the first part of the article, there are also a right to per-so nal data protection and a right to be forgotten (right to erasure).The right to personal data protection is usually enshrined at the supranational and national levels and is protected by the courts as an aspect of the right to privacy. As an independent fundamental right of a constitutional nature the right to personal data protection is enshrined in EU law. Nevertheless, all attempts to doctrinally justify the existence of certain aspects of this right, beyond the claims to the right to privacy, can not be considered successful. The Court of Justice of the EU, while dealing with the relevant cases in order to determine whether certain methods of processing personal data are legitimate, also refers to the right to privacy, considering these rights to be closely interrelated. The right to personal data protection provides additional (including procedural) guarantees of respect for privacy, human dignity and some other rights, but the purpose of these guarantees is precisely the content of the providing rights. The right to be forgotten (right to erasure) is one of the positive obligations with regard to the personal data protection. This right implies correction, deletion or termination of the processing of personal data at the request of their subject in the presence of a reason for this (when the relevant actions are carried out in violation of the principles of data processing or provisions of the legislation). Analogs of this right are the Latin American orders of habeas data, as well as the right of a person to demand the refutation of information discrediting his honor, dignity and business reputation, in case of their inconsistency with reality under civil law and the legislation on mass media. In digital age the importance of this right is increased by the fact that information posted on the Internet remains easily accessible for an indefinite, almost unlimited, time.This caused the extension of the right to be forgotten to information that is consistent to reality, but has lost its relevance and significance, however, continues to have an adverse impact on the reputation of the person concerned. At the same time, the realization of the right to be forgotten in respect of information posted online is connected with a number of technical problems that require legal solutions.In general, digitalization does not create new human rights of a fundamentally different legal nature. It only actualizes or smooths certain aspects of long-recognized rights, transfers their operation into the virtual space, creates new opportunities for their realization and generates new threats to them. Ensuring human rights in modern conditions involves the search for adequate legal solutions, taking into account the opportunities and limitations generated by digital technologies.

scholarly journals The Police Hack Back: Legitimacy, Necessity and Privacy Implications of The Next Step in Fighting Cybercrime

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L.D. Pool ◽  
B.H.M. Custers
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
The Right

In an attempt to strengthen the position of the police to fight cybercrime, the Dutch government proposed new legislation giving police agencies new investigative powers on the Internet. This proposed legislation is controversial as it allows police agencies to hack into computers and install spyware. This paper examines the background and contents of the proposed legislation and tries to answer the question to what extent these new investigative powers may result in infringements of the right to privacy and other fundamental rights of citizens, and whether these infringements are justified. The framework for this evaluation, mainly based on the European Convention on Human Rights, focuses on the legitimacy and necessity of the proposed investigative powers. The most important considerations are that new investigative powers are introduced while existing powers are not used adequately and that there are serious doubts as to whether these new investigative powers will be effective.

scholarly journals Is Social Media Challenging the Authority of the Judiciary? Rethinking the Effectiveness of Anonymised and Super Injunctions in the Age of the Internet

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (32) ◽  
pp. 39-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaddeus Manu ◽  
Felipe Romero Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Fundamental Tension ◽  
The Right

Abstract While freedom of expression has a long and well-established constitutional foundation as a self-governing concept, the right to privacy is a relatively recent norm in the constitutional orientation of the United Kingdom. Until the Human Rights Act 1998, the right to privacy had little standing constitutionally. Following on from this standard-setting, notably, both rights have taken on added importance in our modern technological society. Nevertheless, the formulation of privacy into a legal doctrine of human rights seems to have presented a fundamental tension in relation to freedom of expression. As a matter of legal logic, the courts, through a consideration of the law, examine the substantive legal issues in terms of a balancing process, whereby the interest in privacy is balanced against the interest in freedom of expression. It is a matter of broad principle for the courts to rely on injunctions as ancillary instruments of equity in doing justice in this field. Significantly, while the elementary norm of an injunction is that it commands an act that the court regards as an essential constituent to justice, unfortunately, many contend that judges have gone beyond this point, and this is shifting opinions. In fact, serious concerns have been frequently expressed about the extent to which the rich are easily able to invoke the discretion of the court to grant injunctions in a fashion that remains an antithesis to the principle of open justice and also undermines the exercise of freedom of speech. While this suspicion is not entirely new to matters of procedural law, the recent case, PJS v News Group Newspapers turned on this controversy. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the complexity of celebrity privacy injunctions in the age of the internet and question its relevance, as we outline the extent to which social media is challenging the authority of the state (judiciary) in this direction.

scholarly journals The Right to Privacy and Data Protection in the Information Age

2020 ◽  
pp. 1576-1589
Author(s):  
Tigran D. Oganesian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
User Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mass Surveillance

The article considers the legality of mass surveillance and protection of personal data in the context of the international human rights law and the right to respect for private life. Special attention is paid to the protection of data on the Internet, where the personal data of billions of people are stored. The author emphasizes that mass surveillance and technology that allows the storage and processing of the data of millions of people pose a serious threat to the right to privacy guaranteed by Article 8 of the ECHR of 1950. Few companies comply with the human rights principles in their operations by providing user data in response to requests from public services. In this regard, States must prove that any interference with the personal integrity of an individual is necessary and proportionate to address a particular security threat. Mandatory data storage, where telephone companies and Internet service providers are required to store metadata about their users’ communications for subsequent access by the law enforcement and intelligence agencies, is neither necessary nor proportionate. The author analyses the legislation of some countries in the field of personal data protection, as well as examples from practice. Practice in many States is evidence of the lack of adequate national legislation and enforcement, weak procedural safeguards and ineffective oversight, which contributes to widespread impunity for arbitrary or unlawful interference with the right to privacy. In conclusion, we propose a number of measures aimed at improving the level of personal data protection in accordance with the international standards. In order to provide guarantees and a minimum level of adequate data protection in the face of new challenges to human rights in an ever-changing digital environment, the author proposes to solve a number of pressing issues. Firstly, States should not have the right to ask companies for and have absolute access to user data without a court order. Secondly, the process of sending a request and receiving data from a telecommunications company should be regulated in detail and transparent. The availability of specialized judges with technical expertise shall be valuable

scholarly journals Pravo na privatnost i zaštitu osobnih podataka u knjižnicama: perspektive i dokumenti

Bosniaca ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Anita Konjicija-Kovač
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Library Associations ◽  
Access To Data ◽  
The Right

Privatnost kao pravni koncept nezaobilazan je dio modernog demokratskog društva i prepoznato je kao jedno od temeljnih ljudskih prava svakog građanina. Pravo na privatnost i zaštitu osobnih podataka zajamčeni su međunarodnim dokumentima o ljudskim pravima. U knjižničarskoj se djelatnosti pravo na privatnost i zaštitu osobnih podataka također garantira u dokumentima međunarodnih knjižničarskih udruženja u kojima se jasno naglašava da su knjižničari u svom radu obvezni da štite privatnost i osobne podatke svojih korisnika. Privatnost i osobne podatke je danas sve teže zaštititi, jer je pristup podacima jednostavniji i lakši zbog korištenja različitih i novih informacionih tehnologija, elektronskog komuniciranja, društvenih mreža, elektronskih baza podataka itd. Osobna se prava garantiraju međunarodnim dokumentima o zaštiti osobnih podataka, a štite se nacionalnim zakonima o zaštiti osobnih podataka. Glavni ciljevi rada su: problematizirati definiranje pojma privatnosti iz nekoliko perspektiva; problematizirati značaj prava na privatnost i zaštitu osobnih podataka u kontekstu knjižničarske profesije; dati pregled značajnijih međunarodnih dokumenata u području ljudskih prava u kojima se garantira i pravo na privatnost i zaštitu osobnih podataka; načiniti osvrt na značajnije međunarodne dokumente kojima se garantira pravo na zaštitu i tajnost osobnih podataka; i na kraju rad će dati pregled dokumenata međunarodnih knjižničarskih udruženja koji u svojim tekstovima ukazuju na značaj privatnosti i zaštite osobnih podataka u knjižničnoj djelatnosti.------------------------------------------------------------Right to privacy and protection of personal data in libraries: perspectives and documentsPrivacy as a legal concept is an unavoidable part of a modern democratic society and is recognized as one of the fundamental human rights of every citizen. The right to privacy and the protection of personal data are guaranteed by international human rights documents. In librarianship, the right to privacy and protection of personal data is also guaranteed in the documents of international library associations, which clearly emphasize that librarians are obliged in their work to protect the privacy and personal data of their users. Privacy and personal data are increasingly difficult to protect today, as access to data is simpler and easier due to the use of different and new information technologies, electronic communication, social networks, electronic databases, etc. Personal rights are guaranteed by international documents on protection of personal data and protected by national personal data protection laws. The main objectives of the paper are: to problematize the definition of the concept of privacy from several perspectives; problematize the importance of the right to privacy and protection of personal data in the context of the library profession; provide an overview of significant international documents in the field of human rights which also guarantee the right to privacy and protection of personal data; make a review of important international documents guaranteeing the right to protection and confidentiality of personal data; and finally, the paper will provide an overview of documents of international library associations that in their texts indicate the importance of privacy and protection of personal data in the library business.

scholarly journals Privacy and the concept of generations of human rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-258
Author(s):  
Taras Sofiiuk
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
The Right

The article studies the approaches to the concept of the «private sphere» of human life that are present in legal thought. Attentionhas been paid to the principles on the basis of which the human rights and freedoms in interstate relations are protected. The circumstancesthat are important for finding the optimal correlation between the human right to personal data protection and the right to informationare considered. The theoretical approaches to the concept of «three generations» of human rights that are present in legal thoughtare studied. The description of different generations of human rights is given. The discussions on the third generation of human rightswhich are ongoing and show that the list of human rights is not permanent and can be extended are considered. The consideration isgiven to the need to ensure human rights in the information society. Attention is paid to the issue of distinctive features of the «personalrights» category. It is indicated that personal rights are usually attributed to the so-called first generation of rights (in accordance withthe historical stages of affirmation of rights). The circumstances under which the right to respect for privacy arose are clarified. Thephenomenons that form the basis of the right to privacy of personal information and of the awareness of the concept of the «privatesphere» of human life are highlighted. The emergence of the right to respect for privacy as a broader category, which later became thebasis for the development of an independent legal institution of personal data is considered. The history of judicial approbation of thefirst concept of the right to privacy in the United States is reflected. The problematic aspects of legal formation of the right to privacyare considered. The position that is present in legal thought according to which it is advisable to divide the general problem of protectinghuman privacy into sectors that require separate legislative regulation is studied. It is stated that the «personal rights» category meansthat the subject has such acts that ensure his or her autonomy, priority of internal, individual guidelines. The measures that can help tosolve the problems related to finding an optimal correlation between the human right to personal data protection and the right to informationare proposed.

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