scholarly journals Modeling and simulation of an electrolyser for the production of HHO in Matlab- Simulink®

Respuestas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Erick Daniel Rincón Castrillo ◽  
José Ricardo Bermúdez Santaella ◽  
Luis Emilio Vera Duarte ◽  
Juan José García Pabón
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Electrochemical Reaction ◽  
Electrolytic Cell ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Alkaline Cells

The electrolyzers work through an electrochemical process, their derivatives (H2,O2 , and HHO) are used as enriching fuels due to the electrolysis of water, being cleaner than gasoline and diesel. This article presents the dynamic model of an alkaline electrolyzer that uses an electrolyte ( KOH o NaHCO3) dissolved in distilled water to accelerate the production of oxyhydrogen (HHO). The model shows the phase change that occurs inside the electrolytic cell. The EES® software was used to determine the values ​​of enthalpy, entropy, and free energy that vary during the electrochemical reaction; the equations were simulated in Matlab-Simulink® to observe their dynamic behavior. The Simulations presented varying every 5 g the electrolyte until reaching 20 g. The flow rate of HHO with potassium hydroxide (20 g) is higher than 0.02 L / s, and with sodium bicarbonate (20 g) it is above 0.0006 L / s, confirming what the literature of alkaline cells state, that the most efficient electrolyte for its energy conversion is KOH.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Cerumenolytic Activities of New and Currently Used Agents

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132098606
Author(s):  
Nguyen Quynh Anh ◽  
Pawin Numthavaj ◽  
Thongchai Bhongmakapat
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
All Solutions

Objectives: This study compared the cerumen dissolution activities of 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, 5% potassium hydroxide, 10% lactic acid, 3% salicylic acid, 10% glycolic acid, and distilled water. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted with 36 cerumen samples. The cerumenolytic activities of the 6 agents were assessed by recording the degree of cerumen disintegration using digital photography at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 12 hours. The undissolved cerumen that remained after 12 hours was removed from the solutions and weighed after drying. Results: Potassium hydroxide showed the fastest cerumenolytic activity, dissolving a moderate amount of cerumen at 30 minutes, while glycolic acid and salicylic acid caused no visible changes in the cerumen samples. Samples treated with potassium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate exhibited higher degrees of disintegration compared to samples treated with distilled water (odds ratio and 95% CI: 273.237 [0.203-367 470.4] and 1.129 [0.002-850.341], respectively). The greatest reduction in cerumen weight was associated with the use of sodium bicarbonate; however, this result did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Among the solutions tested, 5% potassium hydroxide showed the fastest dissolution activity, yielding moderate disintegration within only 30 minutes. In terms of residual cerumen weight within 12 hours, all solutions exhibited equivalent effectiveness in the disintegration of cerumen.

scholarly journals The Effects of Voltage Flow and pH Value in Alkaline Electrolyser System to Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 440-444
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nazry bin Rosley ◽  
Noreffendy bin Tamaldin ◽  
M.F.B. Abdollah ◽  
Z.M. Zulfattah
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Output Measurement ◽  
Voltage Supply ◽  
Ph Level

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of voltage flow (V) in the alkaline electrolyser system and the pH value (pH) of the electrolyte used in the electrolyser. The output measurement of both investigated factors in in the flow rate of the hydrogen gas produced by the system per minute (ml/min). The voltage flow was altered in the system by altering the voltage supply from the workbench power supply ranging from 11V to 14V. The pH value of the electrolyte solution in the electrolyser was altered by the addition of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) in the distilled water. The pH value samples of the tested solution ranging from 13.0 to 14.0 pH value due to the limitation of the electrolyser used in this experiment. The results found that, the hydrogen gas produced per minute increases with voltage flow in the system. The flow rate of the hydrogen gas produced however only increases when the solution’s pH value reaches at 14 pH level and unreactive below the value.

scholarly journals Chemical–Electrochemical Process Concept for Lead Recovery from Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1546
Author(s):  
Árpád Imre-Lucaci ◽  
Melinda Fogarasi ◽  
Florica Imre-Lucaci ◽  
Szabolcs Fogarasi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Lead Recovery ◽  
Cathode Ray Tube

This paper presents a novel approach for the recovery of lead from waste cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass by applying a combined chemical-electrochemical process which allows the simultaneous recovery of Pb from waste CRT glass and electrochemical regeneration of the leaching agent. The optimal operating conditions were identified based on the influence of leaching agent concentration, recirculation flow rate and current density on the main technical performance indicators. The experimental results demonstrate that the process is the most efficient at 0.6 M acetic acid concentration, flow rate of 45 mL/min and current density of 4 mA/cm2. The mass balance data corresponding to the recycling of 10 kg/h waste CRT glass in the identified optimal operating conditions was used for the environmental assessment of the process. The General Effect Indices (GEIs), obtained through the Biwer Heinzle method for the input and output streams of the process, indicate that the developed recovery process not only achieve a complete recovery of lead but it is eco-friendly as well.

scholarly journals Design of PLC Integrated Process Simulation Software for Steam Generator Using Matlab Simulink

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Ikhtiander ◽  
Soekirno Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Steam Generator ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Steam Quality ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Simulator Program ◽  
Error Percentage

This paper describes the work done in order to make Matlab Simulink based steam generator simulator in the simulation of a steam generator. The steam generator under this research is operated with the steam quality of 72%, O2 content is 1.2%, designed steam volume flow is 3600 barrel per day at a maximum and designed fuel gas volume flow is 1300 Thousand Standard Cubic Feet (MSCF) per day at a maximum. The simulator program of the steam generator is separated into individual components consisting of Burner, Radiant, Convection, Exhaust Stack, Feedwater Pump Discharge and Steam Discharge. Within the components, thermodynamics and heat transfer principles such as conduction, convection, radiation and also conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were applied to compute the pressure values, temperature values, and flow rate values of simulated field device based on the command and setpoint from PLC. The validation process has been done with the steam generator is operating in a steady state to the 10 important process parameters of the steam generator. The error percentage calculated from a difference between the simulation result value and the actual value from field data reference divide by actual value from field data reference. The error percentage results are as following : Fuel Gas Orifice Differential Pressure : 2.39%, Fuel Gas Pressure : 1.37%, Fuel Gas Temperature : 5.95%, Fuel Gas Flow Rate : 1.25%, Feedwater Orifice Differential Pressure : 1.94%, Feedwater Pressure : 1.54%, Feedwater Flow Rate : 0.92%, Steam Orifice Differential Pressure 3.26%, Steam Discharge Pressure 1.93% and Steam Quality : 0.05%.

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry

2021 ◽  
pp. 389-411
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Oriakhi
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Equilibrium Constant ◽  
Electrode Potential ◽  
Electrolytic Cell ◽  
Electrochemical Cells ◽  
Standard Electrode Potential ◽  
Cell Potential ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Constant Determination

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry build on basic oxidation-reduction reactions and present an overview of their use in electrochemical cells. The construction and operation of a galvanic cell is described with cell diagrams including the function of the electrodes (cathode and anode). Also covered are the standard electrode potential and its applications, including calculations involving the standard electrode potential, the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant, determination of the spontaneity in redox reactions and the dependence of cell potential on concentration (the Nernst equation). Finally a qualitative and quantitative overview of electrolysis is presented with a focus on predicting the products of electrolysis and the stoichiometry of electrolysis, which relates the charge flowing through an electrolytic cell to the amount of products formed at the electrodes.

High Temperature Electrochemical Determination of the Thermodynamic Stability of the Iron-Rich, Iron-Niobium Intermetallic Phase

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1580-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni B. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
Standard Free Energy ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Electrochemical Determination ◽  
Electrolytic Cell ◽  
Galvanic Cells ◽  
Free Energy Of Formation ◽  
Energy Of Formation

Abstract A non-stationary technique of e.m.f. measurements after polarization of solid galvanic cells, previously applied to the determination of the standard free energy of formation of metal oxides, has been extended to intermetallic phases. The chief condition of applicability of this technique to intermetallic compounds is that the rates of recombination of the cathodic reduction products to yield the stable intermetallic phase be high as compared with that of chemical oxidation at the interface with the solid intermediate electrolyte, due to oxygen impurities in the gas phase. In particular, the solid electrolytic cell:(y values expressing the ε-phase iron-rich boundary compositions according to different authors investigations) was examined.Values of the standard free energy of formation of Fe7-yNb2 from the elements, ranging between-3.77+0.72-10-3 T and -5.66+1.09 · 10-3 T kcal/atom were found.

Qualitative Identification of Furazolidone, Tylosin, and Zoalene in Feeds

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 762-764
Author(s):  
Lewis A Barefield
Keyword(s):  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bright Green ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Abstract Rapid microscopic methods are described for the identification of furazolidone, tylosin, and zoalene in mixed feeds at levels normally used for feeding. The drugs are identified by the colors produced in solution : furazolidone-intense blue in dimethylformamide and potassium hydroxide, zoalene—bright green in dimethylformamide and potassium hydroxide, and tylosin—pink-orchid in distilled water. Collaborative results showed excellent agreement, and the methods have been adopted as official first action.

Performance of Distilled Water Electrolysis with Adding of Sodium Bicarbonate as Catalytic

2016 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
pp. 294-298
Author(s):  
Denny Widhiyanuriyawan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Chemical Compound ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Chemical Formula ◽  
Electrolysis Process ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Brown’S Gas

Water is a chemical compound with chemical formula H2O. By the electrolysis proses, water can be split constituent elements, namely hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). In this study, an electrolyze system used six pieces of electrodes which made from 304L SS for electrolysis process for both of distilled water and adding catalyst NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate) on distilled water. The results indicated that electrolysis process on distilled water consumed power of 353.52 Watts to produce Brown’s gas of 0.00123 l/s. Whenever, NaHCO3 was added into distilled water with the mass fraction of 1.33% consumed power decrease of 27.89 Watts and Browns gas was produced 0.0017 l/s. The efficiency of distilled water had the greatest efficiency only 5.53% by using current of 2 Ampere and power reached 31.043Watts. While the addition of catalysts had the greatest efficiency reached 40.29% in the use of mass fraction of catalyst 1.5%, 6 Ampere currents and power of 19.829 Watts.

Research on the Antifouling Mechanisms of Copper and its Alloys

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 2179-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi De Ma ◽  
Xia Zhao ◽  
Hong Ren Wang ◽  
Ji Zhou Duan
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Reaction ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Biology Process ◽  
Antifouling Ability ◽  
In Situ Exposure

In this paper, the in-situ exposure tests of 15 kinds of copper and its alloys were carried out in seawater at Zhanjiang Harbor for 12 months in order to study their anti-fouling abilities and anti-corrosion properties. In the same way, the in-situ anti-fouling tests of copper and bronze were performed in Qingdao for 8 years. Successively, the anti-fouling properties were analyzed combining with the electrochemical process of copper alloy corrosion and biology process of the adhesion. The chemical, physical and biological factors influencing the fouling properties of copper alloys were also investigated. The results showed that the coppers can equip themselves with antifouling performance by producing some toxic substances during the processes of chemical and electrochemical reaction. In addition, the antifouling ability was proved to relate to the exfoliation effect, which was the result of interaction between stain layer adhesion and spalling force of the attachments.

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