scholarly journals Aspectos da Variação Sintática e Línguas Pano (Aspects of Syntactic Variation and Panoan Languages)

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Dos Santos Peixoto
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
Internal Variation

O tema de nosso trabalho é a variação sintática, considerada em termos intra e interlingüísticos. O estudo da variação interna a uma língua e sua comparação com outras línguas podem fornecer evidências para as propriedades da estrutura das sentenças nas línguas naturais. A descoberta dessas propriedades pode explicar as diferenças e semelhanças existentes entre as línguas relacionadas à arquitetura da sentença. Para tanto, examinamos as características de projeção dos núcleos funcionais das línguas amazônicas Marubo e do Matsés (família Pano).PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Variação Lingüística. Sintaxe. Gramática. Línguas Pano.ABSTRACTThe theme of this paper is the syntactic variation, considered in intra and interlinguistic terms. Studies on internal variation of a language and languages comparison can give evidence for the properties of the sentence structure in natural languages. The discovery of these properties can explain the differencesand similarities related to sentence structure in these languages. Such as, we examine the characteristics of the projection of functional heads in two Amazonian languages: Marubo and Matsés (Panoan family).KEYWORDS: Linguistic variation. Syntax. Grammar. Panoan languages.

scholarly journals Exploring syntactic variation by means of “Language Production Experiments”: Methods from and analyses on German in Austria

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra N. Lenz ◽  
Ludwig Maximilian Breuer ◽  
Matthias Fingerhuth ◽  
Anja Wittibschlager ◽  
Melanie E.-H. Seltmann
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Syntactic Variation

AbstractThis article presents computer supported “language production experiments” (LPEs) as a method for the investigation of syntactic variation. It describes the setup for the investigation of numerous syntactic phenomena and provides a sample study of the German GET passive across Austria. It also suggests that LPEs offer possibilities for the targeted investigation of linguistic variation in various ways. They may be used to explore speakers’ individual linguistic repertoires and an according corpus setup can be used to examine e.g., interspeaker patterns of variation. LPEs also enable researchers to investigate which linguistic factors control or influence syntactic variation.

scholarly journals Digital Masorah: Toward an Index of Orthographic and Morphological Variation at the Lexical Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan De Joode
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Dead Sea Scrolls ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Internal Variation

This article proposes a computational method to extract orthographic and morphological variation within the boundaries of individual documents that are part of the Hebrew Bible or the Dead Sea Scrolls. In particular, it presents “profiles” of document-internal variation at the lexical level, e.g., at the level of individual words. This study a) describes the methods used to create an index of variation that can be navigated and explored in order to find meaningful patterns, and b) explores the new avenues for research such an index opens up. Whereas earlier contributions have focused on the underlying rules that affect linguistic variation, the aim of the present contribution is to create a representative sample of that variation. This sample is not at the level of individual phonemes or morphemes, but at the lexical level as there are clear indications that lexical selection played a significant role in ancient linguistic practices.

Using language invention to teach typology and cross-linguistic universals

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-106
Author(s):  
Matt Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Structural Parameter ◽  
Group Project ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Language Typology ◽  
Language Students ◽  
Pie Chart

This chapter outlines a group project where students learn about language typology by creating a naturalistic constructed language. Students learn about cross-linguistic variation in natural languages (in areas such as phoneme inventory, word order, and case alignment), and then determine which grammatical properties their invented language will have. Decisions are made at random by spinning a wheel. Attached to the wheel is a pie chart, where the size of each slice represents the percentage of the world’s languages possessing a given setting for some structural parameter or combination of parameters. Crucially, each decision constrains subsequent decisions in accordance with known implicational universals. For instance, in determining whether the language has prepositions or postpositions, the pie chart is adjusted based on the order of verb and object in the language, as decided by a previous spin of the wheel.

LINDA BL 1.0. A Linguistic Digital Assistant for the Analysis of Block Language

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-330
Author(s):  
Maria D. Lopez Maestre
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Computer Programme ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Linguistic Annotation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University ◽  
Context Of Situation

In this paper, we present and discuss a computer programme designed for the linguistic annotation and processing of corpora of Block Language (headlines, proverbs, graffiti, advertising headlines, cinema titles, etc.) in English. LINDA BL 1.0 (LINGUISTIC DIGITAL ASSISTANT FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BLOCK LANGUAGE version 1.0) was designed at the University of Murcia (Spain) to enable the user to study linguistic variation in the sentence structure of Block Language texts from a stylistic point of view and with reference to the social-semiotic environment of the context of situation of these varieties of language.

Tests for constituents: What they really reveal about the nature of syntactic structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Dependency Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Linguistics

Syntax is a central subfield within linguistics and is important for the study of natural languages, since they all have syntax. Theories of syntax can vary drastically, though. They tend to be based on one of two competing principles, on dependency or phrase structure. Surprisingly, the tests for constituents that are widely employed in syntax and linguistics research to demonstrate the manner in which words are grouped together forming higher units of syntactic structure (phrases and clauses) actually support dependency over phrase structure. The tests identify much less sentence structure than phrase structure syntax assumes. The reason this situation is surprising is that phrase structure has been dominant in research on syntax over the past 60 years. This article examines the issue in depth. Dozens of texts were surveyed to determine how tests for constituents are employed and understood. Most of the tests identify phrasal constituents only; they deliver little support for the existence of subphrasal strings as constituents. This situation is consistent with dependency structure, since for dependency, subphrasal strings are not constituents to begin with.

Methodology for the creation of a linguistic database: challenges and contributions to the teaching-learning process

2020 ◽  
pp. e090520
Author(s):  
Raimundo Gouveia da Silva ◽  
Iandra Maria Weirich da Silva Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
The State ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Extractive Reserve ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Teaching Learning

This paper presents theoretical and methodological questions related to the creation of a Linguistic Database, made up of samples from the Cazumbá Iracema Extractive Reserve, located in the state of Acre, and discusses the main challenges found and contributions to the teaching and learning process of Portuguese. The methodology for collecting and organizing this database is based on the theoretical assumptions of sociolinguistic patterns, the empirical foundations of the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change, and the methodology for collecting and manipulating data in sociolinguistics. The implementation of the proposal involves the use of software that can be used in education. The results show contributions of this sample use for the creation of teaching proposals, focusing on the language in use, identification of the sociocultural factors that influence the emergence and permanence of linguistic variation and researches in the scope of natural languages.

Introduction

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fuss ◽  
Carola Trips
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Blocking Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
The One

AbstractThis volume is concerned with questions raised by two apparently conflicting observations on the inventory of expressions (and in particular, lexical items) in natural languages. On the one hand, it is widely assumed that the rules of grammar include so-called blocking constraints, which prohibit the co-existence of forms that are identical in meaning, but differ in form. On the other hand, it can be shown that many natural languages exhibit examples of non-blocking and at least some degree of linguistic variation involving exactly this type of (morphological) doublets which can be said to compete for realizing one and the same meaning. In the following we are going to introduce the different types of blocking that are discussed in the literature as well as non-blocking effects to set the contributions in this volume in their context.

scholarly journals Ideophones (Mimetics, Expressives)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimi Akita ◽  
Mark Dingemanse
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Variable Integration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sensory Imagery ◽  
Natural Laboratory

Ideophones, also termed mimetics or expressives, are marked words that depict sensory imagery. They are found in many of the world’s languages, and sizable lexical classes of ideophones are particularly well-documented in the languages of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Ideophones are not limited to onomatopoeia like meow and smack but cover a wide range of sensory domains, such as manner of motion (e.g., plisti plasta ‘splish-splash’ in Basque), texture (e.g., tsaklii ‘rough’ in Ewe), and psychological states (e.g., wakuwaku ‘excited’ in Japanese). Across languages, ideophones stand out as marked words due to special phonotactics, expressive morphology including certain types of reduplication, and relative syntactic independence, in addition to production features like prosodic foregrounding and common co-occurrence with iconic gestures. Three intertwined issues have been repeatedly debated in the century-long literature on ideophones. (a) Definition: Isolated descriptive traditions and cross-linguistic variation have sometimes obscured a typologically unified view of ideophones, but recent advances show the promise of a prototype definition of ideophones as conventionalized depictions in speech, with room for language-specific nuances. (b) Integration: The variable integration of ideophones across linguistic levels reveals an interaction between expressiveness and grammatical integration, and has important implications for how to conceive of dependencies between linguistic systems. (c) Iconicity: Ideophones form a natural laboratory for the study of iconic form-meaning associations in natural languages, and converging evidence from corpus and experimental studies suggests important developmental, evolutionary, and communicative advantages of ideophones.

Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 5. Introduction to Logic

Discourse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
O. M. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mathematical Logic ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
General View ◽  
World Model ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Aspect

Introduction. The article continues the series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter R–linguistics) and is devoted to an introduction to the logic of natural language in relation to the approach considered in the series. The problem of natural language logic still remains relevant, since this logic differs significantly from traditional mathematical logic. Moreover, with the appearance of artificial intelligence systems, the importance of this problem only increases. The article analyzes logical problems that prevent the application of classical logic methods to natural languages. This is possible because R-linguistics forms the semantics of a language in the form of world model structures in which language sentences are interpreted.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics, the formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used.Results and discussion. The problems that arise when studying the logic of natural language in the framework of R–linguistics are analyzed. These issues are discussed in three aspects: the logical aspect itself; the linguistic aspect; the aspect of correlation with reality. A very General approach to language semantics is considered and semantic axioms of the language are formulated. The problems of the language and its logic related to the most General view of semantics are shown.Conclusion. It is shown that the application of mathematical logic, regardless of its type, to the study of natural language logic faces significant problems. This is a consequence of the inconsistency of existing approaches with the world model. But it is the coherence with the world model that allows us to build a new logical approach. Matching with the model means a semantic approach to logic. Even the most General view of semantics allows to formulate important results about the properties of languages that lack meaning. The simplest examples of semantic interpretation of traditional logic demonstrate its semantic problems (primarily related to negation).

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