scholarly journals THE TRANSATLANTIC NARCO-NEXUS: SOUTH AMERICA, AFRICA, AND EUROPE IN THE CONTEMPORARY DRUG-TRAFFICKING DYNAMICS

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-394
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues ◽  
Carol Viviana Porto ◽  
Adriano de Freixo
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
South American ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Drug Trafficking Organizations ◽  
History Of

The article analyzes the contemporary transatlantic flow of illegal drugs, taking on account the current transformation of the connections among South American, African and European Drug-Trafficking Organizations (ODTs) and the tendency to securitize this traffic which interests the Brazilian public, national and regional security and diplomatic policies. The article presents a history of the transatlantic drug-trafficking and the its contemporary contours in order to suggest viable initiatives to cope with this new and aggravated panorama pushed through by the so-called “war on drugs”.

Cutaneous Myiasis from Panama, South America: Case Report and Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia T. Ting ◽  
Benjamin Barankin
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
South America ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Left Knee ◽  
South American ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Variants ◽  
Group B ◽  
Streptococcus A ◽  
Increasing Trends

Background: Myiasis is a cutaneous infestation with larvae of Diptera, the two-winged arthropod order. Eggs and/or larvae are transmitted directly from the environment or via arthropod vectors. Larvae are able to burrow into the dermis of intact skin or external body orifices. Three clinical variants of myiasis are furuncular, migratory (creeping), and infestation of wounds. Methods: A 35-year-old male presented with a 1-month history of worsening furuncles on the left knee and posterior thigh following his return from Panama, South America. Clinical examination revealed tender 6 cm and 2 cm erythematous to violaceous furuncles with surrounding desquamation and central puncta draining serosanguinous fluid. Five-millimeter punch biopsies and tissue swabs were performed. Results: All larvae were of the Dermatobia hominis species. The patient was empirically treated with cephalexin and ciprofloxacin for secondary bacterial cellulitis. Tissue swabs later cultured group B streptococcus. A tetanus booster was recommended. Conclusion: This case report describes a relatively rare cutaneous infestation with D. hominis, a Central and South American endemic larva of the human botfly. Increasing trends toward immigration and global travel to tropical and subtropic areas will likely increase the frequency of encounters with such parasitic cutaneous infestations in North American outpatient dermatology clinics.

scholarly journals Rudolf Schlechter's South-American orchids I. Historical and bibliographical background

Lankesteriana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ossenbach ◽  
Rudolf Jenny
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
South American ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Tropical America ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flora Of South America ◽  
Complete Bibliography

This study represents the first part of a series dedicated to the work of Rudolf Schlechter on the orchid flora of South America. The historical background of Schlechter’s botanical activity is outlined, and salient aspects of his biography, as well as his main scientific relationships, in particular with Oakes Ames, and the origins of his interest in tropical America are discussed. We also present a complete bibliography relative to Schlechter’s production on the orchid floras of South American countries, with his network of orchid collectors, growers and other purveyors, and checklists of all the new taxa that he described from each individual country.   Key words: bibliography, biography, history of botany, Orchidaceae, South America

scholarly journals Ancient DNA reveals the lost domestication history of South American camelids in Northern Chile and across the Andes

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Diaz-Maroto ◽  
Alba Rey-Iglesia ◽  
Isabel Cartajena ◽  
Lautaro Núñez ◽  
Michael V Westbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
South American ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
South American Camelids ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Formative

The study of South American camelids and their domestication is a highly debated topic in zooarchaeology. Identifying the domestic species (alpaca and llama) in archaeological sites based solely on morphological data is challenging due to their similarity with respect to their wild ancestors. Using genetic methods also presents challenges due to the hybridization history of the domestic species, which are thought to have extensively hybridized following the Spanish conquest of South America that resulted in camelids slaughtered en masse. In this study, we generated mitochondrial genomes for 61 ancient South American camelids dated between 3,500 and 2,400 years before the present (Early Formative period) from two archaeological sites in Northern Chile (Tulán-54 and Tulán-85), as well as 66 modern camelid mitogenomes and 815 modern mitochondrial control region sequences from across South America. In addition, we performed osteometric analyses to differentiate big and small body size camelids. A comparative analysis of these data suggests that a substantial proportion of the ancient vicuña genetic variation has been lost since the Early Formative period, as it is not present in modern specimens. Moreover, we propose a domestication hypothesis that includes an ancient guanaco population that no longer exists. Finally, we find evidence that interbreeding practices were widespread during the domestication process by the early camelid herders in the Atacama during the Early Formative period and predating the Spanish conquest.

scholarly journals Cycling in South America, 1880-1920

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-325
Author(s):  
Matthew Brown
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
South American ◽  
Global History ◽  
The South ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mode Of Transport

Historians have tended to ignore the South American experience of cycling. The continent’s diverse history of sports has been effaced by a popular and academic focus on soccer. The global history of cycling has therefore omitted South America from its analysis, perpetuating mistaken assumptions about the continent’s absence from technological and social innovation. This article analyses the sources located across the continent to demonstrate that cyclists raced, toured, and did acrobatics, often watched by thousands of spectators, attracting the attention of chroniclers and the media. The physical sensations of travelling through the environment on a pedal-powered machine were new and unexpected. With its focus on cycling as sport, recreation and mode of transport, this article inserts South America into the early global history of cycling.

scholarly journals O COMPLEXO REGIONAL DE SEGURANÇA DA AMÉRICA DO SUL: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DO CONSELHO DE DEFESA SUL-AMERICANO DA UNASUL

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco André Cadoná ◽  
Carolina De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Type Model ◽  
South American ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Regional Power ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Creation

This article is the result of an investigation into the model of Regional SecurityComplex (RSC model in South America, especially since the creation of the SouthAmerican Defense Council (SDC), within UNASUR - Union of South AmericanNations. From a theoretical discussion on the Regional Security Complexes, it isargued that the recent South American experience affirmed an “extra type” model,since in its dynamics it is not identified a regional power that acts in a global leveldespite Brazilian’s greater economic expression in regional and international arena.

scholarly journals The first fossil skull of an anteater (Vermilingua, Myrmecophagidae) from northern South America, a taxonomic reassessment of Neotamandua and a discussion of the myrmecophagid diversification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Jiménez-Lara ◽  
Jhon González
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
South American ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
History Of The South ◽  
Species Inquirendae

AbstractThe evolutionary history of the South American anteaters, Vermilingua, is incompletely known as consequence of the fragmentary and geographically biased nature of the fossil record of this group. Neotamandua borealis is the only recorded extinct species from northern South America, specifically from the Middle Miocene of La Venta area, southwestern Colombia. A new genus and species of myrmecophagid for La Venta, Gen. et sp. nov., is here described based on a new partial skull. Additionally, given that the co-occurrent species of Gen. et sp. nov., N. borealis, was originally referred to as Neotamandua, the taxonomic status of this genus is revised. The morphological and taxonomic analyses of these taxa indicate that Gen. et sp. nov. may be related to Tamandua and that the justification of the generic assignments of the species referred to as Neotamandua is weak or insufficient. Two species previously referred to as Neotamandua (N. magna and N.? australis) were designated as species inquirendae and new diagnostic information for the redefined genus and its type species, N. conspicua, is provided. Together, these results suggest that the diversification of Myrmecophagidae was taxonomically and biogeographically more complex than what has been proposed so far. Considering the new evidence, it is proposed a synthetic model on the diversification of these xenartrans during the late Cenozoic based on the probable relationships between their intrinsic ecological constraints and some major abiotic changes in the Americas.

scholarly journals Reviewing the Antioquia batholith and satellite bodies: a record of Late Cretaceous to Eocene syn- to post-collisional arc magmatism in the Central Cordillera of Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Duque-Trujillo ◽  
Camilo Bustamante ◽  
Luigi Solari ◽  
Álvaro Gómez-Mafla ◽  
Gloria Toro-Villegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Arc Magmatism ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Plate ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Early Interaction ◽  
Central Cordillera ◽  
Existing Data

The Antioquia batholith represents the magmatic record of the interaction between the Farallón and Caribbean plates with the NW part of the South American Plate during the Meso-Cenozoic. Several authors have reported zircon U-Pb ages and whole rock geochemistry in order to constrain the crystallization history of this batholith and its formation conditions. The present work aims to gather the existing data with new data obtained from the Ovejas batholith and La Unión stock, both genetically related to the main intrusion. Gathering our new data with information obtained in previous works, we conclude that the Antioquia batholith was constructed by successive pulses from ca. 97 to 58 Ma in an arc-related setting. The initial pulses are related to syn-collisional tectonics, during the early interaction between the Farallón plate and NW South America. The final pulses, that record Eocene ages, are related to a post-collisional setting, similar to that recorded in other plutons of the Paleogene magmatic arc of the Central Cordillera.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Regional Security Complex Theory: A South American view between 2008-2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-103
Author(s):  
Tamires Aparecida Ferreira Souza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Complex Theory ◽  
Regional Interaction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Argument

With this article, we propose to reformulate the Regional Security Complex Theory, by Buzan and Waever, through a South American vision, with the time frame 2008-2016. To this end, we will analyse South America through Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, and their forms of intra and extra-regional interaction, highlighting the Colombia-United States relations, and the South American Defence Council, of the Union of South American Nations. This article is divided into a first section marked by an understanding of the Regional Complex Theory, in which we present and discuss its theoretical elements and weaknesses, and propose theoretical changes that will guide our analysis. The second section contains information about the South American Complex in the academic view, focusing on the arguments of Buzan and Waever. In the third section, we present the South American Regional Security Complex restructured, as well as the analysis of its dynamics. The central argument of the article is the need to reformulate the Theory in question for a better understanding of the complexities and unique characteristics of South America.

Coercive Inclusion in the Mexican War on Drugs: A Field Study of Human Rights and the State in Michoacán

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wolfesberger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Private Property ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Mexican War ◽  
Drug Trafficking Organizations ◽  
Derechos Humanos

Qualitative ethnographic study of the human rights violations committed in the course of the militarized combat against drug trafficking organizations in rural Michoacán unmasks state practices of coercive inclusion. The violation of human rights and the subsequent processing of human rights claims paradoxically bind the marginalized population to the formal state and foster its subordination. The practical configuration of the current arena of human rights is not the lever for a democratic, inclusive Mexico but a curtain that conceals the repressive practices that it makes possible. In the processing of human rights complaints, the legal rights of physical integrity and private property become moral rights with no effect of legal justice. Un estudio etnográfico cualitativo sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos cometidas durante la lucha militarizada contra las organizaciones de tráfico de drogas en el Michoacán rural sirve para desenmascarar las prácticas de inclusión coercitiva del Estado. Las violaciones y el posterior procesamiento de las denuncias paradójicamente vinculan a la población marginada con el Estado oficial, fomentando su subordinación. La configuración práctica del actual contexto de los derechos humanos no funge como la palanca de un México democrático e inclusivo, sino como una cortina que oculta las prácticas represivas que el Estado hace posibles. En la tramitación de las denuncias sobre violación de derechos humanos, los derechos legales de la integridad física y la propiedad privada se convierten en derechos morales sin ningún efecto de justicia legal.

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