scholarly journals Comparative morphometric study of adipose tissue in ovariectomized mice of different ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ivanishchev ◽  
◽  
A. Ustymenko ◽  
V. Kyryk ◽  
G. Butenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Estrogen Deficiency ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

It is known that estrogen deficiency leads to the dysfunction of many organs and systems, including adipose tissue. Therefore, the study of morphological changes in the components of adipose tissue during estrogen deficiency will expand our understanding of both its dysfunction and possible ways to correct it. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of morphometric parameters of subcutaneous adipose tissue in ovariectomized mice of different ages. Materials and methods. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples from young (2 months) and old (14 months) mice were studied two months after ovariectomy in comparison with the samples from sham-operated animals of the same age. The number of adipocytes and capillaries per 1 mm2 of the area and the average area of adipocyte were determined on histological slices of adipose tissue. Results and discussion. It was shown that along with a significant decrease in the number of adipocytes per 1 mm2 of the area in young ovariectomized mice, a significant increase in the average area of adipocytes was observed compared with the control group of animals of the same age. In old ovariectomized animals at a slight decrease in the number of adipocytes, there was also a probable increase in their average area compared with the control group of the same age. Conclusion. The morphological properties of subcutaneous adipose tissue change significantly in the conditions of artificially induced estrogen deficiency during ovariectomy in mice.

scholarly journals Transdermal Delivery of Nanoparticles Using Microneedles and Iontophoresis (P13-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnaz Abbasi ◽  
Shu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Fluorescent Dye ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Objectives Microneedles (MN) and iontophoresis are innovative approaches for transdermal delivery of drugs and bioactive compounds. They can make the treatment tolerable, safe, and convenient. Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance solubility, stability and prolonged release of many drugs and bioactive compounds and deliver them to specific cells. In the present study, we determined the delivery efficacy of dye-loaded lipid NPs using MN, iontophoresis and their combination, in an in vitro skin permeation study. Methods We have synthesized lipid NPs carrying 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- (lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl (Rhod PE) dye. MN derma skin rollers with different needle length were used for microneedling. Iontophoresis was applied using a patch and a constant-current power supply. The abdominal skin of porcine was initially treated by the MN derma roller and then topically treated with NP solutions. In the combined treatment (MN and iontophoresis); the NP solution was loaded into an iontophoretic patch and applied on the MN-treated skin for 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours at 0.2 mA/cm2. Non-treated skin (no MN or iontophoresis) was used as a control group. Fluorescent dye intensity in different skin layers were examined using a fluorescence microscopy. Results The penetration of fluorescent dye through the skin layers was increased and reached to the subcutaneous adipose tissue following increment of MN length (1.5 mm > 1 mm > 0.5 mm), time and combined treatments. Combination of MN and iontophoresis resulted in increased dye intensity in the dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue over time. Conclusions The combination of MN and iontophoresis can enhance subcutaneous delivery of drugs and bioactive compounds, along with enhanced efficacy and patient compliance, and reduced toxicity. We envision that combination of MN and iontophoresis could offer a clinical superiority over traditional, invasive injections for combating diseases and disorders. Funding Sources NIH (Grant R15AT008733).

scholarly journals Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Adipofascial Tissue: An Experimental Study Evaluating Early Histologic and Biochemical Alterations in Rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (5) ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Kenan Coban ◽  
Ergul Belge Kurutas ◽  
Harun Ciralik
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Epigastric Flap

Fat necrosis remains a serious complication in reconstructive flaps. In clinical setting, it is well known that fat tissue is more susceptible to ischemic events. We aimed to evaluate early histological and biochemical changes of adipofascial tissue in an experimantal model. An epigastric flap model in rats was used to evaluate the effect of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury on adipofascial tissue. Two groups of animals (one with ischemia alone and other ischemia-reperfusion group) were used to evaluate the degree of histological edema, congestion and extravascular bleeding, and early biochemical alterations within the adipofascial flaps. The biochemical parameters included glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In each group, contralateral groin subcutaneous adipose tissue served as control. These evaluations were compared to normal unmanipulated, contralateral abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. The ischemia-reperfused flap group showed histologically significantly much edema congestion and bleeding than the control groups (P<.0001). The control group showed less edema in fat tissue than the ischemia-alone group (P<.05). All of the flaps in the ischemia-only group showed significantly less bleeding and edema than I-R group (P<.001). The ratio of MDA/GSH was 33 in control, 37 in ischemia alone, and 82 in ischemia-reperfusion groups, respectively. This study confirms that significant histologic and biochemical alteration occurs after ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion events in adipose tissue. Marked drop in adipose tissue antioxidant levels after I-R suggested that preemptive measures to this decrease should be undertaken in clinical settings.

scholarly journals Effect of Linseed Oil Dietary Supplementation on Fatty Acid Composition and Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Growing Goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ebrahimi ◽  
M. A. Rajion ◽  
Y. M. Goh ◽  
A. Q. Sazili ◽  
J. T. Schonewille
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding oil palm frond silage based diets with added linseed oil (LO) containing highα-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), namely, high LO (HLO), low LO (LLO), and without LO as the control group (CON) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPAR-γ, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in Boer goats. The proportion of C18:3n-3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased (P<0.01) by increasing the LO in the diet, suggesting that the FA from HLO might have escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed HLO diets had lower proportions of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2n-6, CLA cis-9 trans-11, and C20:4n-6 and higher proportions of C18:3n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue than animals fed the CON diets, resulting in a decreased n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio (FAR) in the tissue. In addition, feeding the HLO diet upregulated the expression of PPAR-γ(P<0.05) but downregulated the expression of SCD (P<0.05) in the adipose tissue. The results of the present study show that LO can be safely incorporated in the diets of goats to enrich goat meat with potential health beneficial FA (i.e., n-3 FA).

Visfatin mRNA expression in human subcutaneous adipose tissue is regulated by exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. E24-E31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lone Frydelund-Larsen ◽  
Thorbjorn Akerstrom ◽  
Søren Nielsen ◽  
Pernille Keller ◽  
Charlotte Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Visfatin [pre-β-cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF)] is a novel adipokine that is produced by adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver and has insulin-mimetic actions. Regular exercise enhances insulin sensitivity. In the present study, we therefore examined visfatin mRNA expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from healthy young men at time points 0, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, and 24 h in relation to either 3 h of ergometer cycle exercise at 60% of V̇o2 max or rest. Adipose tissue visfatin mRNA expression increased threefold at the time points 3, 4.5, and 6 h in response to exercise ( n = 8) compared with preexercise samples and compared with the resting control group ( n = 7, P = 0.001). Visfatin mRNA expression in skeletal muscle was not influenced by exercise. The exercise-induced increase in adipose tissue visfatin was, however, not accompanied by elevated levels of plasma visfatin. Recombinant human IL-6 infusion to mimic the exercise-induced IL-6 response ( n = 6) had no effect on visfatin mRNA expression in adipose tissue compared with the effect of placebo infusion ( n = 6). The finding that exercise enhances subcutaneous adipose tissue visfatin mRNA expression suggests that visfatin has a local metabolic role in the recovery period following exercise.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue omentin-1 in coronary artery disease patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
И.А. Побожева ◽  
А.А. Пантелеева ◽  
Е.А. Полякова ◽  
К.В. Драчева ◽  
Н.Д. Разгильдина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Pparg Mrna

Дисбаланс в секреции адипокинов жировой тканью может играть роль в развитии сердечно-сосудистой патологии при ожирении. Оментин-1, один из адипокинов жировой ткани, обладает противовоспалительным, антиоксидантным, антиатерогенным эффектами. Снижение концентрации оментина-1 в сыворотке крови может рассматриваться как биомаркер сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Цель работы - исследование экспрессии гена оментина-1 (ITLN1) в подкожной жировой ткани (ПЖТ) у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) и в группе сравнения, включающее сравнительный анализ уровня мРНК и белка в ПЖТ, концентрации оментина-1 в сыворотке крови, а также оценку корреляции экспрессии гена ITLN1 и гена ключевого транскрипционного регулятора адипогенеза - рецептора, активируемого пероксисомным пролифератором, гамма (PPARG). Были исследованы образцы ПЖТ и сыворотки крови 74 пациентов с ИБС, перенесших операцию коронарного шунтирования, и 16 пациентов (группа сравнения), оперированных по поводу клапанных пороков сердца. Уровень мРНК генов ITLN1 и PPARG в ПЖТ оценивали методом ПЦР в реальном времени. Уровень белка оментина-1 в ПЖТ определяли методом вестерн-блот. Концентрацию оментина-1 в сыворотке крови измеряли методом ИФА. Концентрация оментина-1 в сыворотке крови была ниже в группе пациентов с ИБС, чем у обследованных из группы сравнения (р<0,01), и отрицательно коррелировала с окружностью талии у всех обследованных (r=-0,307, p<0,01). Не было выявлено различий в содержании мРНК гена ITLN1 и белка оментина-1 в ПЖТ между исследуемыми группами. Уровень мРНК гена ITLN1 коррелировал с уровнем белка оментина-1 в ПЖТ (r=0,373, р<0,05). Более высокий уровень белка оментина-1 в ПЖТ был выявлен у мужчин по сравнению с этим показателем у женщин (р<0,05), однако у женщин концентрация оментина-1 в сыворотке крови была выше, чем у мужчин (р<0,05). Уровень мРНК гена PPARG в ПЖТ был ниже у пациентов с ИБС (р<0,05). Концентрация оментина-1 в сыворотке крови положительно коррелировала с уровнем мРНК гена PPARG в ПЖТ (r=0,338, p<0,05). Среди всех обследованных уровень мРНК гена ITLN1 и уровень белка оментина-1 в ПЖТ отрицательно коррелировали с мРНК гена PPARG в ПЖТ (r=-0,444, p<0,01 и r=-0,475, p<0,01, соответственно). Аналогичные корреляции сохранялись для подгруппы мужчин (r= -0,422, p<0,05 и r= -0,609, p<0,01, соответственно). ИБС, ожирение и мужской пол ассоциированы со снижением концентрации оментина-1 в сыворотке крови. Установлены гендерные особенности регуляции экспрессии гена оментина-1 в ПЖТ. Imbalance in secretion of adipose tissue adipokines may play a role in the development of cardiovascular pathology associated with obesity. Omentin-1 is an adipokine with antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties, therefore it’s serum concentration is considered as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: Investigation of omentin-1 gene (ITLN1) expression in SAT in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and in the control group, including сomparative analysis of ITLN1 mRNA and protein levels in SAT, omentin-1 serum concentration, as well as an assessment of the correlation of the ITLN1 gene expression with the mRNA level of PPARG gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma as the key regulator of adipogenesis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies and serum samples from 74 patients with CAD, undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and 16 persons of the control group, were included in the study. ITLN1 and PPARG mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Omentin-1 protein level in SAT was measured by western-blot. Serum omentin-1 concentration was determined by ELISA. Serum omentin-1 concentration was decreased in the CAD group compared to controls (p<0,01), and inversely correlated with waist circumference among all examined individuals (r = -0.307, p <0.01). No differences were found in the ITLN1 mRNA and omentin-1 protein levels in SAT between the studied groups. The ITLN1 mRNA and omentin-1 protein levels in SAT were positively correlated (r=0,373, p<0.05). A higher level of omentin-1 protein in SAT was detected in men compared with women (p <0.05), however, omentin-1 serum concentration was higher in women (p <0.05). The PPARG mRNA level in SAT was lower in patients with CAD (p <0.05). Omentin-1 serum concentration was positively correlated with the PPARG mRNA level in SAT (r =0.338, p <0.05). The ITLN1 mRNA and omentin-1 protein levels were negatively correlated with the PPARG mRNA in SAT among all examined individuals (r = -0.444, p <0.01 and r = -0.475, p <0.01, respectively). These correlations persisted only in men subgroup when men and women were analyzed separately (r= -0,422, p<0,05 and r= -0,609, p<0,01, respectively). CAD, adiposity and male gender are associated with reduced omentin-1 serum concentration. Gender differences of omentin-1 gene expression regulation in SAT were demonstrated.

Retinol and α-Tocopherol Levels in the Serum and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Newly Diagnosed Basal Cell Carcinoma Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan GHAEDI ◽  
Fatemeh RAHROVANI ◽  
Mohammad Hassan JAVANBAKHT ◽  
Amir-Hooshang EHSANI ◽  
Ali ESRAFILI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Basal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Background: Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most frequently occurring skin cancers. Vitamin A is involved in epithelial cell differentiation and may control skin tumor development. Vitamin E is a powerful lipophilic antioxidant that can quench and scavenge reactive oxygen species. However, there is little consistent evidence considering micronutrients and the development of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible difference between retinol and α-tocopherol in BCC patients and controls in Iranian population. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on adults with newly diagnosed BCC referred to Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2015. Serum and subcutaneous fat tissue retinol and α-tochopherol were measured by HPLC method. Results: Overall, serum retinol level was lower significantly in BCC patients (0.237±0.01 µg/ml) in comparison with control group (0.27±0.02 µg/ml, P-value: 0.038). However serum ɑ-tocopherol level was not significantly different between BCC patients (4.41±0.33 µg/ml) and control subjects (4.06±0.35 µg/ml, P-value=0.18). Subcutaneous adipose tissue retinol was lower significantly in BCC patients (38.60±3.30 ng/mg) compared with control group (54.78±3.49 ng/mg, P-value=0.002). Furthermore, results revealed lower subcutaneous adipose tissue ɑ-tocopherol in BCC patients (4.41±0.33 µg/ml) in comparison with control group (4.06±0.35 µg/ml, P-value=0.18). Conclusion: Skin tissue concentration of retinol and ɑ-tocopherol and serum retinol level was lower in BCC patients in comparison with control group but serum ɑ-tocopherol was not different between groups.  

scholarly journals SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND OBESE WOMEN DOES NOT DIFFER IN THE EXPRESSION OF IKBΑ*

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
V.M. Nedoborenko ◽  
O.А. Shlykova ◽  
O.V. Izmailova ◽  
K.E. Ishcheikin ◽  
I.P. Kaidashev
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Prerequisites and objective: Abdominal obesity is a common metabolic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue, with excessive production of inflammatory mediators that activate transcriptional nuclear factors, in particular the nuclear factor kB. Hepcidin is the main hormone in the systemic regulation of iron. Its expression increases with elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as a result of which the concentration of iron in the blood plasma decreases, which reliably results in the activation of NF-kB. Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the level of expression of ІКβα in subcutaneous adipose tissue in iron deficiency anemia concurrent with obesity. Methods: The study included 40 female women. Hemogram parameters, parameters of iron metabolism (serum iron, ferritin, hepcidin, total iron binding ability of serum, saturation of transferrin by iron) in serum and level of expression of the IkBα gene in subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated. Research results. The examined women had an average age of 40.3 ± 7.59 years. In the distribution of patients due to the cause and degree of severity of IDA, there was no reliable difference between the groups. The control group consisted of 10 obese women without IDA. Expression of IkBα by subcutaneous adipose tissue in female patients with IDA with and without obesity compared with the control group did not display a significant difference between the groups (p <0.05). In the course of correlation analysis, the expression of IkBα by subcutaneous adipose tissue to BMI, iron and hemogram rates did not have a correlated significance. Conclusion. Subcutaneous adipose tissue in women with iron deficiency anemia with and without obesity compared with obese women has no difference in expression of IkBα.

scholarly journals Three Months of Regular Aerobic Exercise in Patients With Obesity Improve Systemic Subclinical Inflammation Without Major Influence on Blood Pressure and Endocrine Production of Subcutaneous Fat

2014 ◽  
pp. S299-S308 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. TRACHTA ◽  
J. DRÁPALOVÁ ◽  
P. KAVÁLKOVÁ ◽  
V. TOUŠKOVÁ ◽  
A. CINKAJZLOVÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Subclinical Inflammation ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

The aim of our study was to explore the effects of regular aerobic exercise on anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters and mRNA expression of selected factors involved in metabolic regulations in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with obesity. Fifteen obese women with arterial hypertension underwent a three-month exercise program consisting of 30 min of aerobic exercise 3 times a week. Fifteen healthy lean women with no intervention served as a control group. Obese group underwent anthropometric measurements, blood sampling, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) biopsy and 24-h blood pressure monitoring at baseline and after three months of exercise, while control group was examined only once. At baseline, obese group had increased SCAT expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines relative to control group. Three months of regular exercise improved anthropometric parameters, decreased CRP, blood glucose and HOMA-IR, while having no significant effect on lipid profile and blood pressure. Gene expressions in SCAT were not affected by physical activity with the exception of increased aquaporin-3 mRNA expression. We conclude that three months of regular exercise decrease systemic subclinical inflammation with only minor influence on the blood pressure and the endocrine function of subcutaneous fat.

scholarly journals Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Riis ◽  
Britt Christensen ◽  
Birgitte Nellemann ◽  
Andreas Buch Møller ◽  
Anna Sofie Husted ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hexokinase Ii ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Endurance exercise training induces adaptations in metabolically active organs, but adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) remains incompletely understood. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would increase the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and glucose uptake in scAT. To test these hypotheses, 19 young and healthy males were randomized to either endurance exercise training (TR; age 18–24 yr; BMI 19.0–25.4 kg/m2) or a nonexercising control group (CON; age 21–35 yr; BMI 20.5–28.8 kg/m2). Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies and blood were obtained at rest before and after intervention. By using Western blotting and PCR, we determined expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins, various proteins involved in substrate metabolism, and mRNA abundance of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was determined from fasting plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adipo-IR). Adipo-IR improved in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.03). This was accompanied by increased insulin receptor (IR) protein expression in scAT with a 1.54-fold (SD 0.79) change from baseline in TR vs. 0.85 (SD 0.30) in CON ( P = 0.007). Additionally, hexokinase II (HKII) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) protein increased in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). We did not observe changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins or mRNA abundance of GPCRs. Collectively, 10 weeks of endurance exercise training improved adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, which was accompanied by increased IR, HKII, and SDHA protein expression in scAT. We suggest that these adaptations contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) after endurance exercise training compared with a nonexercising control group. We show that endurance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in human scAT, and this is accompanied by increased expression of insulin receptor, hexokinase II, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A. Collectively, our data suggest that endurance exercise training induces molecular adaptations in human scAT, which may contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility.

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