scholarly journals Assessing conflict of interest in organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-116
Author(s):  
Emiliano Di Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Opportunistic Behavior ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Medical Sector ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Secondary Interest

The innumerable cases of opportunistic behavior by directors, managers, and employees, primarily the various forms of corruption, have shown that neglecting conflicts of interest (CoI) situations can have important negative effects on the organizations involved, undermining, in some cases, their survival and development, as well as creating harmful consequences for stakeholders and the wider community. In proposing remedies to deal with CoI scholars underline the importance of assessing it. However, this aspect has been not investigated adequately. Using the literature on CoI and, in particular, the framework proposed by Thompson (2009) for the medical sector, the objective of the paper is to outline the elements required to assess the extent of the risk of CoI in organizations. Our framework considers the following two elements: a) the probability that the secondary interest may interfere, even if only apparently, with the primary interest of the organization; b) the seriousness of the damage and/or moral unacceptability of the mere appearance of improper behavior. The assessment also allows understanding not only what the causes are, that can increase the probability of interference of the secondary interests, but also the factors that feed these interests, suggesting the most suitable remedies. The analysis has several implications for researchers, practitioners, and regulators.

scholarly journals Perhaps the Time Has Come

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 613-615
Author(s):  
Alan BR Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Patient Care ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Secondary Interest ◽  
Key Questions

A conflict of interest occurs in a situation in which professional judgment regarding a primary interest, such as research, education or patient care, may be unduly influenced by a secondary interest, such as financial gain or personal prestige. Conflicts of interest exist in every walk of life, including medicine and science. There is nothing inherently unethical in finding oneself in a conflict of interest. Rather, the key questions are whether one recognizes the conflict, and how one deals with it. Strategies include disclosing the conflict, establishing a system of review and authorization, and prohibiting the activities that lead to the conflict.

Introduction to Provider Conflicts of Interest in Health Care

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunčana Roksandić ◽  
Richard S. Saver
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Reputational Risk ◽  
Trust In Healthcare Providers ◽  
Secondary Interest

This chapter evaluates provider conflicts of interest in healthcare. Healthcare providers and institutions typically balance an array of competing interests, such as economic gain, the desire to favor colleagues, to advance in one's academic or professional career, or the needs of other patients. Conflicts of interest pervade most healthcare systems and pose considerable risks, both systemic and patient-focused, including increasing costs, harming patients, limiting choice, biasing publication decisions, and eroding trust in healthcare providers and institutions. A key element common to most interpretations of conflicts of interest is the provider's exposure to undue influence from a secondary interest. A second key element is that a conflict of interest can occur when there is merely the perception of undue influence by a secondary interest. Perception that a healthcare provider's independence has been compromised leads to reputational risk and undermines the trust of other stakeholders.

Conflict of Interest as Source of Opportunism, Innovations and Problems of Management Theory

Upravlenie ◽  
10.12737/4168 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Козырев ◽  
A. Kozyrev
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Opportunistic Behavior ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Secondary Interest

This paper is devoted to investigation related to role of conflict of interest (i.e. when the same person has a secondary interest together with a main responsibility or first interest) in innovation process, i.e. in the «knowledge into money transformation»process. Secondary interest in this context is not only money and corruption interest, but also ambition for self-realization in different manifestations and forms as well as any other preferences not arising out of decision maker’s primary responsibilities. Some actual situations of conflict of interest including these one’s when budget funds are moving from a customer to an executor of a state order and when information on obtained results is moving from the contractor to the customer have been analyzed. Recommendations for minimizing of conflicts of interest’s negative consequences, and opportunistic behavior generated by these conflicts have been formulated.

scholarly journals Conflicts of Interest in the WIC Program

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kent
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Wic Program ◽  
Supplemental Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Program ◽  
Supplemental Nutrition Program ◽  
The U.S

Conflicts of Interest occur when there is a risk that a primary interest of an individual or agency might be unduly influenced by other incompatible interests. The U.S. government’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, commonly known as WIC. supports feeding with infant formula on a large scale, providing more than half the formula used in the U.S. at no cost to the families. That is a conflict of interest because promoting the use of infant formula benefits corporations while putting infants at significantly higher risk to their health when compared with breastfeeding.  

scholarly journals Understanding the “Conflict of Interest

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Vandana Kumar Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Patient Care ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Secondary Gain ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Care Teaching ◽  
Secondary Interest ◽  
Professional Judgement

According to Wikipedia, ‘Çonflict of interest’ is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest' [1]. It may be broadly described as conditions which may influence one’s judgement in a situation (primary interest) for some other gain (secondary interest), this may be financial or non-financial . It is of importance to understand that having a secondary gain is not wrong but these gains should not be illegal. This pertains to delivery of patient care, teaching and research in the medical profession.

General Particulars Regarding the Conflict of Interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
Aurelia Teodora Drăghici
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Changing Role

SummaryTheme conflicts of interest is one of the major reasons for concern local government, regional and central administrative and criminal legal implications aiming to uphold the integrity and decisions objectively. Also, most obviously, conflicts of interest occur at the national level where political stakes are usually highest, one of the determining factors of this segment being the changing role of the state itself, which creates opportunities for individual gain through its transformations.

Preventing and Managing Conflict of Interest in Nutrition Policy: Lessons for Alcohol Control Comment on "Towards Preventing and Managing Conflict of Interest in Nutrition Policy? An Analysis of Submissions to a Consultation on a Draft WHO Tool"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Severi
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Nutrition Policy ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Industry Engagement ◽  
Health Organization

Ralston et al present an analysis of policy actor responses to a draft World Health Organization (WHO) tool to prevent and manage conflicts of interest (COI) in nutrition policy. While the Ralston et al study is focussed explicitly on food and nutrition, the issues and concepts addressed are relevant also to alcohol policy debates and present an important opportunity for shared learning across unhealthy commodity industries in order to protect and improve population health. This commentary addresses the importance of understanding how alcohol policy actors – especially decision-makers – perceive COI in relation to alcohol industry engagement in policy. A better understanding of such perceptions may help to inform the development of guidelines to identify, manage and protect against risks associated with COI in alcohol policy.

scholarly journals Addressing Conflicts of Interest in Health and Medicine: Current Evidence and Implications for Patient Decision Aid Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110088
Author(s):  
Rachel Thompson ◽  
Zoe Paskins ◽  
Barry G. Main ◽  
Thaddeus Mason Pope ◽  
Evelyn C. Y. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Decision Aid ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Patient Decision Aid ◽  
Patient Decision

Background More stringent policies for addressing conflicts of interest have been implemented around the world in recent years. Considering the value of revisiting conflict of interest quality standards set by the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration, we sought to review evidence relevant to 2 questions: 1) What are the effects of different strategies for managing conflicts of interest? and 2) What are patients’ perspectives on conflicts of interest? Methods We conducted a narrative review of English-language articles and abstracts from 2010 to 2019 that reported relevant quantitative or qualitative research. Results Of 1743 articles and 118 abstracts identified, 41 articles and 2 abstracts were included. Most evidence on the effects of conflict of interest management strategies pertained only to subsequent compliance with the management strategy. This evidence highlighted substantial noncompliance with prevailing requirements. Evidence on patient perspectives on conflicts of interest offered several insights, including the existence of diverse views on the acceptability of conflicts of interest, the salience of conflict of interest type and monetary value to patients, and the possibility that conflict of interest disclosure could have unintended effects. We identified no published research on the effects of IPDAS Collaboration conflict of interest quality standards on patient decision making or outcomes. Limitations Because we did not conduct a systematic review, we may have missed some evidence relevant to our review questions. In addition, our team did not include patient partners. Conclusions The findings of this review have implications for the management of conflicts of interest not only in patient decision aid development but also in clinical practice guideline development, health and medical research reporting, and health care delivery.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study of all clinicians’ conflict of interest disclosures to NHS hospital employers in England 2015-2016

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e019952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Ruth Feldman ◽  
Nicholas J DeVito ◽  
Jonathan Mendel ◽  
David E Carroll ◽  
Ben Goldacre
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Current System ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Uk

ObjectiveWe set out to document how NHS trusts in the UK record and share disclosures of conflict of interest by their employees.DesignCross-sectional study of responses to a Freedom of Information Act request for Gifts and Hospitality Registers.SettingNHS Trusts (secondary/tertiary care organisations) in England.Participants236 Trusts were contacted, of which 217 responded.Main outcome measuresWe assessed all disclosures for completeness and openness, scoring them for achieving each of five measures of transparency.Results185 Trusts (78%) provided a register. 71 Trusts did not respond within the 28 day time limit required by the FoIA. Most COI registers were incomplete by design, and did not contain the information necessary to assess conflicts of interest. 126/185 (68%) did not record the names of recipients. 47/185 (25%) did not record the cash value of the gift or hospitality. Only 31/185 registers (16%) contained the names of recipients, the names of donors, and the cash amounts received. 18/185 (10%) contained none of: recipient name, donor name, and cash amount. Only 15 Trusts had their disclosure register publicly available online (6%). We generated a transparency index assessing whether each Trust met the following criteria: responded on time; provided a register; had a register with fields identifying donor, recipient, and cash amount; provided a register in a format that allowed further analysis; and had their register publicly available online. Mean attainment was 1.9/5; no NHS trust met all five criteria.ConclusionOverall, recording of employees’ conflicts of interest by NHS trusts is poor. None of the NHS Trusts in England met all transparency criteria. 19 did not respond to our FoIA requests, 51 did not provide a Gifts and Hospitality Register and only 31 of the registers provided contained enough information to assess employees’ conflicts of interest. Despite obligations on healthcare professionals to disclose conflicts of interest, and on organisations to record these, the current system for logging and tracking such disclosures is not functioning adequately. We propose a simple national template for reporting conflicts of interest, modelled on the US ‘Sunshine Act’.

scholarly journals Analysis of motivation for acting subjects in diagnostics of occupational diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 1217-1221
Author(s):  
Alexey D. Trubetskov
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Financial Interest ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Professional Longevity ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis

Introduction. There is a shallow detection rate of occupational diseases in Russia. A large number of acting subjects are usually involved in the diagnosis of diseases. There is considered the current cooperation between the acting subjects responsible for diagnostics of occupational diseases in various modes. Material and methods. A search was conducted for data that described the main trends concerning conflict of interest in occupational health. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were conducted on issues related to the diagnosis of occupational diseases of specialists working in various branches of this field of medicine Results. The author performed the analysis of existing conflicts of interest in acting subjects in the detection and diagnosis of occupational diseases and established the most significant acting subjects. Among them the most pronounced conflicts of interest were shown to be determined by employers (as institutions, and specific managers and doctors performing examinations of workers in harmful conditions, and the managing stuff of these medical institutions, as well as by the employees themselves, who are subject to these examinations. When analyzing the motivation of acting subjects, the primary and financial interest was shown to have less significance than the secondary one. Mutual connectivity in the implementation of secondary interests adjudicates a persistent configuration, which determines both the low detection rate of occupational diseases, including at early stages, and lack of opportunities for prolonging professional longevity. The existence of a conflict of interest is not evil in itself. Still, its resolution is always associated with obtaining benefits, including the entire country’s level (saving the lives of the working population). Conclusion. To increase staff lifespan and work longevity through the analysis of all acting subjects, it is necessary to improve managing decisions to achieve the predominant primary interests. The study of the conflicts of interest can be an effective method of understanding and improving the health system in occupational health to preserve public health and increase the working population’s longevity.

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