scholarly journals Assessing detergent-mediated virus inactivation, protein stability and impurity clearance in biologics downstream processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasin Feroz ◽  
Naresh Chennamsetty ◽  
Sara Byers ◽  
Melissa Holstein ◽  
Sanchayita Ghose
Keyword(s):  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Modeling Data ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
The Impact

Detergent-mediated virus inactivation (VI) provides a valuable orthogonal strategy for viral clearance particularly for next generation continuous manufacturing. Furthermore, there exists an industry-wide need to replace the conventionally employed detergent, Triton X-100, with eco-friendly alternatives. This study provides a systematic approach to screen detergents as VI agents through the study of VI of three different enveloped viruses for monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins. We investigated three major aspects of VI namely, the impact of VI agent on the therapeutic quality attributes, clearance of the VI agent and other impurities through subsequent chromatographic steps and lastly the efficacy of VI for the said detergent. Several quality attributes such as charge variance, oxidation, deamidation, glycosylation and aggregation were investigated. Aggregation was a key indicator of stability. Experimental and modeling data was used to decipher the mechanism and kinetics of aggregation for pH sensitive molecules by exploring worst case VI conditions. We found product aggregation and its kinetics to be driven by extrinsic factors such as detergent and protein concentration. Aggregation was also impacted by initial aggregation level as well as intrinsic factors such as the protein sequence and detergent hydrophobicity and critical micelle concentration (CMC). VI efficiency was dependent on the virus tested, duration of incubation as well as detergent CMC and concentration. Dodecyl maltopyranoside (DDM) was found to be a promising candidate for potential application in VI. Knowledge gained here on factors driving product stability and VI provides valuable insight to design, standardize and optimize conditions (concentration, duration of inactivation) for screening of detergent-mediated VI.

scholarly journals The Impact of Motivation on Work Efficiency for Both Employers and Employees also During COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Study from Armenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Gayane Tovmasyan ◽  
Diana Minasyan
Keyword(s):  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
The Impact

The article summarizes the main arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on motivation and its impact on work efficiency. The main goal of the research is to analyze the impact of motivation on work efficiency for both employees and employers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematization of the literary sources on motivation indicates that there are different factors of motivation. Some people are motivated by intrinsic factors, while others by extrinsic. Also, the discussion of some recent studies revealed the influence of pandemic on the motivation of people to work remotely. The majority wants to work from the office as face-to-face contacts and collaboration derives innovation. Analysis in the paper for Armenia is carried out in the following logical sequence: a survey is done, which reveals how employees and employers evaluate the impact of motivation on their work efficiency, which factors of motivation they value, also their suggestions for improving the motivation policy in their workplaces. Methodological tools of the research methods were analysis and synthesis, survey, Pearson Chi square testing. The study reveals that people mainly appreciate both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors. From the material incentives which are more important for respondents, the most popular are salaries, rewards and health insurance, and from nonmaterials – career advancement, healthy moral and psychological atmosphere of the organization, flexible work schedule, fair and equal conditions, training courses. According to employees, the organization’s motivation policy affects their work efficiency and plays an essential role in the organization’s success. This fact is also proved by the statistical testing, that the relationship between these two factors is significant. The main reasons why employees leave the job may be the low salary, conflicts in the team, and the impossibility of career advancement. According to employers, employees are most interested in material incentives. The survey also reveals that people are most motivated when they are in the workplace, and for only 12% of respondents remotely working is motivating. It shows that in Armenia, people prefer to work from the office. The results have both theoretical and practical significance. It may be useful for organizations to improve motivation policy by changing the available problems, especially after the pandemic. Keywords: Motivation, Work Efficiency, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors, COVID-19, Remotely Work.

scholarly journals Adolescent BMI: The Importance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
Molly Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Multinomial Logit Models ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Weight Classification

Objectives:Research shows that weight trends in adolescence persist into adulthood, but do the same factors contribute to weight in adolescence as in adulthood? Are extrinsic factors presumably more important than intrinsic characteristics? This study identifies the correlation between BMI and various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and evaluates their relative importance in BMI development. It compares the primary determinants for adolescents (12-20 years old) and adults (21+ years old).Methods:Using 15 years of panel data, generalized linear models, we assessed the impact of extrinsic-environmental, biological, geographic and household-and intrinsic-sexual activity, substance use, desire to lose weight,etc.-characteristics on adolescent and adult BMI. Multinomial logit models tested the contribution of these characteristics to weight categories.Results:Race and age were the most significant BMI correlates at all ages. This remains true for weight classification as well. For young adolescents, intrinsic factors are highly deterministic, while extrinsic factors play no role. As adolescents age into adults, intrinsic factors continue to be deterministic, while extrinsic covariates also emerge as deterministic. Intrinsic determinates of significance include age of first sexual encounter, tobacco experimentation, perspective on general health, and desire to lose weight (or stay the same weight).Conclusion:While biological/genetic attributes are the largest determinants of BMI at every age, intrinsic factors play a larger role in adolescent BMI development than adults. As individuals age, intrinsic determinants remain important, but extrinsic characteristics contribute significantly to weight classification. Thus, the weight determinants differ between adolescents and adults suggesting different methods of policy intervention be used for adolescents and adults.

Individual differences in Macaques' responses to stressors based on social and physiological factors: implications for primate welfare and research outcomes

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L. Boccia ◽  
Mark L. Laudenslager ◽  
Martin L. Reite
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Distinct Individual ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Primates are used extensively in a variety of research settings. Federal regulations in the US mandate that caretakers provide for the 'psychological well-being of laboratory primates'. One of the difficulties in implementing this law has been both in the definition of psychological well-being and in the need to deal with each primate species and, in some cases, age or sex class, uniquely. Non-human primates exhibit distinct individual differences in their behavioural and physiological responses to experimental challenges and caretaking procedures. We have been investigating what factors can predict some of these individual differences, and have found that factors both intrinsic and extrinsic are significant. Extrinsic factors found to predict individual differences in response to stressors include the nature and prior experience with the challenge, the presence of familiar peers and availability of social support. Intrinsic factors include cognitive interpretations of the challenge and temperamental differences in reactivity. These studies highlight the importance of understanding the context and individual psychology of macaques in order to provide laboratory environments conducive to their welfare, and in order to understand the impact experimental and caretaking procedures are likely to have on the health and welfare of our subjects.

scholarly journals Impact of Prolonged Exposure to a Slippery Surface on Postural Stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2214
Author(s):  
Sachini N. K. Kodithuwakku Arachchige ◽  
Harish Chander ◽  
Alana J. Turner ◽  
Adam C. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Slippery Surface ◽  
The Impact

Falls are extremely common in occupational settings. Intrinsic factors such as overexertion and extrinsic factors such as the supporting surface are causative factors of falls. The impact of prolonged exposure to a slippery surface on postural stability has not been previously studied. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of extended exposure to a dry and a slippery surface on postural stability. Eighteen males (age: 21.17 ± 3.38 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.08 m; mass: 89.81 ± 14.23 kg) were recruited and subjected to one-hour walking on a dry surface and a slippery surface on two different days. Participants’ balance was assessed using a force platform in stable and unstable conditions at 0, 30, and 60 min. Postural sway variables were analyzed using a 2 (surface) × 3 (time) repeated-measures ANOVA. Significant time main effects were observed in the stable condition with greater balance decrements at 30 and 60 min. Greater balance decrements were observed on the slippery surface compared to the dry surface in the unstable condition. The balance decrements can be attributed to overexertion due to the physiological workload of prolonged walking and to the potential gait modifications due to walking on the slippery surface.

scholarly journals Academic Motivation and the Impact of Distance Learning During Lockdown: University Students' Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Elena Kitova ◽  
Matvey Troshkin
Keyword(s):  
Academic Motivation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Russian Universities ◽  
Remote Learning

High academic motivation is regarded as a key to a student’s good academic performance and, consequently, a successful future. The spread of online learning not only provided new opportunities for students and educators, but also stimulated interest in the factors that affect academic motivation for this model of education. The situation of spring 2020, when Russian universities switched to remote learning, provided an opportunity to research the relative value of motivation-influencing factors for the students who normally study offline, but unexpectedly found themselves in a new study environment. In early July, 2020, the authors conducted an opinion survey of students (N = 274) from three Russian universities with the following goals: creating a rating of factors that influence academic motivation, obtaining the respondents’ opinions regarding the amount of time spent on studying and its difficulty during lockdown, monitoring changes in motivation after the transition to remote learning. The obtained data show that most respondents rated intrinsic factors as being most important for their academic motivation, however, such extrinsic factors as teachers and their relations with students also make a considerable impact on motivation. Academic motivation is positively affected by the perceived value of new knowledge and skills, by understanding the role of education for future success, and also by material/mo­netary incentives. The most prominent negative factors are a lack of time and absence of a good study environment. Most respondents stated that transition to remote learning made studying harder and more time-consuming. The lockdown is shown to have had a negative effect on motivation for most students, which indicates that extrinsic factors, primarily, the study environment and the smoothness of communication, play a vital role in academic motivation. These results help to gain a better understanding of academic motivation from the students’ perspective, and could be taken into consideration by educators and administrators when making decisions on the study format and the design of offline and online courses.

Traversing the women entrepreneurship in South Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanu Shukla ◽  
Gajendra Singh Chauhan ◽  
Saumya Saumya
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
The Impact

PurposeMarginalization of women in STEM sectors is a widely discussed trend that has percolated into the corporate sector. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that act as barriers to entry to female entrepreneurs and to understand the impact of these factors in the context of startup landscape. The scope of this paper covers chiefly first-generation entrepreneurs while elaborating the presence of the Lucite ceiling effect. It aims to categorize and elucidate the responsible variables while developing a model for the same.Design/methodology/approachThe research is an exploratory study that provides a complex picture of how female entrepreneurs understand and experience the work culture at their workplace. The population under consideration is “urban startups”; these have been characterized as technology/non-technology-based and non-agricultural in nature. The sample in the study consists of male and female entrepreneurs of first-generation entrepreneurs belonging to the urban middle class and either founders or co-founders. The exploration presents a groundbreaking examination based on narrative inquiry and semi-structured interviews.FindingsThe research led to distinct findings that can be utilized to improve the condition of female entrepreneurs and encourage their involvement in the ecosystem. The model is proposed on the basis of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, which lead to the Lucite ceiling phenomenon. The causes ranging from family pressure to fulfilling relevant requirements such as financing the venture were classified under these. Ultimately, inferences were drawn as to how these may be affecting the growth of women in the sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThe identified intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been detailed, presenting further opportunities to focus on specific metrics by the stakeholders, namely, the policy-makers and the entrepreneur community. The study has been limited to urban startups to allow for convenience sampling, which is justified considering the issues highlighted in the existing knowledge. While this study has been carried out in the context of urban startups, it leaves scope for extension and extrapolation of the presented model in the rural context.Practical implicationsThe study presents a formally structured representation of the issues faced by female entrepreneurs in a manner which is mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Such a categorization can, in the contemporary times, enable targeted mitigation of the same through well-planned policy initiatives and legislation. In addition, it provides a strong baseline for extensive quantitative research in this field, especially in the context of emerging economies in fast-developing nations.Originality/valueThe framework helps lay a groundwork for thoughtful research on women’s entrepreneurship. The Lucite ceiling phenomenon is a more aggravated version of the “glass ceiling”. The reasons for the prevalence of this effect in this context have not been explored before, thus providing a great scope to be further investigated.

scholarly journals The Impact of Factors on Human Capital Quality: A Study of Economics Students in Vietnam

2018 ◽  
pp. 1515-1529
Author(s):  
Thi Ngoc Lan Nguyen ◽  
Song Hoa Vu ◽  
Thanh Hang Pham ◽  
Van Cong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Curriculum Structure ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to investigate the suitable measurement method of human capital quality and its indicators including both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Research data were collected randomly from more than 400 students per chosen university in different academic years at the current five most famous economic universities in Vietnam, with 1796 observations and 2100 questionnaires. By combining the use of qualitative and quantitative methods with the support of EVIEW 10 and STATA 22 software, the study was conducted evaluate the impact of four extrinsic factors (academic staffs, administration services, curriculum structure, and infrastructure) and seven intrinsic factors that reflect students’ motivation (learning purpose, acquiring knowledge ability, learning method, hardworking, self-awareness, and relationship development) on human capital quality (expressed through knowledge, skills, and attitudes). The research results indicate that students’ motivation is the most important factor promoting human capital quality whereas administration services and infrastructure has a negative impact on human capital quality. Furthermore, while academic staffs only influence slightly and positively on students’ attitudes curriculum structure can impact both students’ skills and attitudes.

scholarly journals Application of a Two-Analyte Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Model to Evaluate the Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on the Pharmacokinetics of Polatuzumab Vedotin in Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Lu ◽  
Tong Lu ◽  
Rong Shi ◽  
Leonid Gibiansky ◽  
Priya Agarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic Model ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Model ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose The established two-analyte integrated population pharmacokinetic model was applied to assess the impact of intrinsic/extrinsic factors on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of polatuzumab vedotin (pola) in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) following bodyweight-based dosing. Methods Model simulations based on individual empirical Bayes estimates were used to evaluate the impact of intrinsic/extrinsic factors as patient subgroups on Cycle 6 exposures. Intrinsic factors included bodyweight, age, sex, hepatic and renal functions. Extrinsic factors included rituximab/obinutuzumab or bendamustine combination with pola and manufacturing process. The predicted impact on exposures along with the established exposure-response relationships were used to assess clinical relevance. Results No clinically meaningful differences in Cycle 6 pola exposures were found for the following subgroups: bodyweight 100–146 kg versus 38–<100 kg, age ≥ 65 years versus <65 years, female versus male, mild hepatic impairment versus normal, mild-to-moderate renal impairment versus normal. Co-administration of rituximab/obinutuzumab or bendamustine, and change in the pola manufacturing process, also had no meaningful impact on PK. Conclusions In patients with NHL, bodyweight-based dosing is adequate, and no further dose adjustment is recommended for the heavier subgroup (100–146 kg). In addition, no dose adjustments are recommended for other subgroups based on intrinsic/extrinsic factors evaluated.

Patterns of within-tree variation in a population of Pinus ponderosa

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1733-1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Maze ◽  
R. K. Scagel ◽  
L. R. Bohm
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Extrinsic Factor ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Single Term ◽  
The Impact

The amount and structure of within-individual variation in different aged and sized individuals in a population of Pinus ponderosa were compared using multivariate analytical techniques. We wished to determine if the increase in variation and progressive between-plant differentiation that occur with ontogeny of part of a plant are also manifested by entire plants as they age or increase in size. We detected some evidence of increasing differentiation with age or size. The impact on multivariate descriptors of within-tree variation, age and size of trees, microsite differences where the trees grew, and indicators of the climate at the time the trees became established was estimated using ratios of sums of squares. The error term accounted for most of the variation in the data. No single term (age, size, or site) accounted for more than 5% of the variation in the data. Terms that accounted for more than 10% of the variation in the data were either past climate (an extrinsic factor), or interaction terms assessing past climate, site (an extrinsic factor), size (a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors), and age. An impact of extrinsic factors on within-tree variation is not surprising since such factors determine which specific trees survive. Furthermore, since natural selection is the result of extrinsic factors, natural selection may have its major impact on within-tree variation. That interaction terms account for within-tree variation may be taken as evidence that selection is the result of many interacting, as opposed to single, factors.

Institutional Environment, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention of Company Employees

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Devi Angrahini Anni Lembana ◽  
Yu Yu Chang ◽  
Wen Ke Liang
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors

From the intentionality-based view, individuals' actual behaviors to initiate a new venture is driven by their entrepreneurial intentions. Company employees have accumulated professionalism and practical experience, which both enable them to discover some unmet market demand and industrial gaps. However, in establishing a new business, not everyone with certain knowledge or expertise has the desire to become an entrepreneur. Prior research has shown that entrepreneurial intentions are under the profound influences of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. On the one hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the key psychological states that makes someone dare to initiate entrepreneurial activities. Institutional environment, on the other hand, can either enhance and hinder an individuals' entrepreneurial motivation by offering incentives or causing barriers. Little work has been done to understand how the institutional environment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly affect company employees' intention to quit their job and start an enterprising career. By using hierarchical regression on a sample of 325 Indonesian company employees, this paper shows that the entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are positively related to employees' entrepreneurial intentions. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy strengthens the effect of normative Approval on entrepreneurial intention, whereas the regulatory Support from Government is detrimental to company employees' intention to start a new venture regardless the entrepreneurial self-efficacy is high or low.

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