scholarly journals More Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) sing atypical songs in urban than in rural areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Stefanie E. LaZerte ◽  
Kristen L.D. Marini ◽  
Hans Slabbekoorn ◽  
Matthew W. Reudink ◽  
Ken A. Otter
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Song Learning ◽  
Novel Ecosystems ◽  
Urbanization Gradient ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Mountain Chickadees

Urbanization results in novel ecosystems with unique challenges. These may lead to problems during song learning or development and could result in the singing of atypical songs. During studies of Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) and urbanization in British Columbia, Canada, we observed males singing atypical songs along an urbanization gradient. We found that eight of 78 males consistently sang atypical songs and the odds of singing atypical songs increased with urbanization. We explored several explanations including habitat quality, population density, and bioacoustics. Future studies investigating causes and consequences of atypical singing will clarify effects of urbanization on Mountain Chickadees.

scholarly journals Urban-rural gradients of ecosystem services and the linkages with socioeconomics

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Hou ◽  
Felix Müller ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Franziska Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
Urban Rural

The principle of urban-rural gradients can reveal the spatial variations of ecosystem services and socioeconomic dimensions. The interrelations between ecosystem services and socioeconomics have scarcely been considered in the context of urban-rural areas. We investigated the spatial gradients and the mutual linkages of several ecosystem services and socioeconomic variables in the urban-rural areas of Leipzig, Germany, and Kunming, China. The results showed some regularities in the spatial patterns of ecosystem services and socioeconomic dimensions in both study areas. Habitat quality and f-evapotranspiration of Leipzig and habitat quality of Kunming demonstrated apparent increasing trends along all gradient patterns. However, the other ecosystem services presented divergent spatial variabilities in different gradient patterns. Road density, urban fabric and population density showed identical declining trends in both case study areas. Differently, household size, housing area as well as unemployment rate in Leipzig presented inconsistent spatial dynamics with considerable fluctuations. With regard to the gradient interrelations, road density, urban fabric and population density were strongly correlated with most ecosystem services in both case study areas. In contrast, the gradients of household size, housing area and unemployment rate of Leipzig showed inconsistent correlations with the ecosystem services gradients. Our study provides evidence to the argument that typical patterns of ecosystem service gradients do not exist in different urban-rural areas.

scholarly journals Divergent population trends following the cessation of legal grizzly bear hunting in southwestern British Columbia, Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle McLellan ◽  
BN McLellan ◽  
R Sollmann ◽  
CT Lamb ◽  
CD Apps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Population Change ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Grizzly Bear ◽  
Capture Recapture

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd We conducted DNA capture-recapture monitoring of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) from 5 to 17 years after hunting was stopped in two adjacent but genetically distinct populations in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We used spatial capture-recapture and non-spatial Pradel robust design modelling to estimate population density, trends, and the demographic components of population change for each population. The larger population had 21.5 bears/1000 km 2 and was growing (λ Pradel = 1.02 ± 0.02 SE; λ secr = 1.01 ± 4.6 × 10 −5 SE) following the cessation of hunting. The adjacent smaller population had 6.3 bears/1000 km 2 and was likely declining (λ Pradel = 0.95 ± 0.03 SE; λ secr = 0.98 ± 0.02 SE). Estimates of apparent survival and apparent recruitment indicated that lower recruitment was the dominant factor limiting population growth in the smaller population. Factors limiting reproductive rates and population density could include poor habitat quality, particularly the abundance of high-energy foods, genetic Allee effects due to a long period of population isolation, or demographic effects affecting infanticide rates. The cessation of hunting was insufficient to promote population recovery for the low density, isolated population. Our research highlights the importance of considering mortality thresholds in addition to small population effects and habitat quality when recovering large carnivore populations.

scholarly journals Divergent population trends following the cessation of legal grizzly bear hunting in southwestern British Columbia, Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle McLellan ◽  
BN McLellan ◽  
R Sollmann ◽  
CT Lamb ◽  
CD Apps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Population Change ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Grizzly Bear ◽  
Capture Recapture

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd We conducted DNA capture-recapture monitoring of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) from 5 to 17 years after hunting was stopped in two adjacent but genetically distinct populations in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We used spatial capture-recapture and non-spatial Pradel robust design modelling to estimate population density, trends, and the demographic components of population change for each population. The larger population had 21.5 bears/1000 km 2 and was growing (λ Pradel = 1.02 ± 0.02 SE; λ secr = 1.01 ± 4.6 × 10 −5 SE) following the cessation of hunting. The adjacent smaller population had 6.3 bears/1000 km 2 and was likely declining (λ Pradel = 0.95 ± 0.03 SE; λ secr = 0.98 ± 0.02 SE). Estimates of apparent survival and apparent recruitment indicated that lower recruitment was the dominant factor limiting population growth in the smaller population. Factors limiting reproductive rates and population density could include poor habitat quality, particularly the abundance of high-energy foods, genetic Allee effects due to a long period of population isolation, or demographic effects affecting infanticide rates. The cessation of hunting was insufficient to promote population recovery for the low density, isolated population. Our research highlights the importance of considering mortality thresholds in addition to small population effects and habitat quality when recovering large carnivore populations.

Integrated Assessment of Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas, Taking into Account Differences in Population Density

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
N.N. Balashova ◽  
◽  
D.A. Korobeynikov ◽  
S.A. Popova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Typologization of rural areas, taking into account differences in population density and level of socio-economic development, is necessary to identify “growth points” and strategic sustainability benchmarks. The method of integrated assessment of the level of socio-economic development of rural territories is proposed, according to which the grouping of Russian regions is carried out. Applying data on rural population density to the results of calculations allowed us to identify 12 typological groups, in the context of which unified recommendations on sustainable development of territories should be formed.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Government Policies in Controlling COVID-19 in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142098374
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Pandey ◽  
Nitin Kishore Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Population Number

The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors associated with the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure for identifying the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesizes that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons older than 50, population density, and poverty rate. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period [Formula: see text] as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The policy effectiveness indicator is calculated by taking the difference of the COVID rank of the [Formula: see text]th state based on the predicted model and the actual COVID rank of the [Formula: see text]th state[Formula: see text]Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other hand, demographic factors such as rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus, people residing in urban areas face a significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to people in rural areas.

Spatial Model Approach for Deforestation

2013 ◽  
pp. 1901-1912
Author(s):  
Lilik B. Prasetyo ◽  
Chandra Irawadi Wijaya ◽  
Yudi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Government ◽  
Negative Impacts

Java is very densely populated since it is inhabited by more than 60% of the total population of Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Forestry, forest loss between 2000-2005 in Java was about 800,000 hectares. Regardless of the debate on whether the different methodologies of forest inventory applied in 2005 have resulted in an underestimation of the figure of forest loss or not, the decrease of forest cover in Java is obvious and needs immediate response. Spatial modeling of the deforestation will assist the policy makers in understanding this process and in taking it into consideration, when decisions are made on the issue. Moreover, the results can be used as data input to solve environmental problems resulting from deforestation. The authors of this chapter modeled the deforestation in Java by using logistic regression. Percentage of deforested area was considered as the response variable, whilst biophysical and socioeconomic factors, that explain the current spatial pattern in deforestation, were assigned as explanatory variables. Furthermore, the authors predicted the future deforestation process, and then, for the case of Java, it was validated with the actual deforestation derived from MODIS satellite imageries from 2000 to 2008. Results of the study showed that the impacts of population density, road density, and slope are significant. Population density and road density have negative impacts on deforestation, while slope has positive impact. Deforestation on Java Island tends to occur in remote areas with limited access, low density population and relatively steep slopes. Implication of the model is that the government should pay more attention to remote rural areas and develop good access to accelerate and create alternative non agricultural jobs in order to reduce pressure on the forest.

Spatial Model Approach for Deforestation

2011 ◽  
pp. 376-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilik B. Prasetyo ◽  
Chandra Irawadi Wijaya ◽  
Yudi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Government ◽  
Negative Impacts

Java is very densely populated since it is inhabited by more than 60% of the total population of Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Forestry, forest loss between 2000-2005 in Java was about 800,000 hectares. Regardless of the debate on whether the different methodologies of forest inventory applied in 2005 have resulted in an underestimation of the figure of forest loss or not, the decrease of forest cover in Java is obvious and needs immediate response. Spatial modeling of the deforestation will assist the policy makers in understanding this process and in taking it into consideration, when decisions are made on the issue. Moreover, the results can be used as data input to solve environmental problems resulting from deforestation. The authors of this chapter modeled the deforestation in Java by using logistic regression. Percentage of deforested area was considered as the response variable, whilst biophysical and socioeconomic factors, that explain the current spatial pattern in deforestation, were assigned as explanatory variables. Furthermore, the authors predicted the future deforestation process, and then, for the case of Java, it was validated with the actual deforestation derived from MODIS satellite imageries from 2000 to 2008. Results of the study showed that the impacts of population density, road density, and slope are significant. Population density and road density have negative impacts on deforestation, while slope has positive impact. Deforestation on Java Island tends to occur in remote areas with limited access, low density population and relatively steep slopes. Implication of the model is that the government should pay more attention to remote rural areas and develop good access to accelerate and create alternative non agricultural jobs in order to reduce pressure on the forest.

scholarly journals Nocturnal Hypothermia in Seasonally Acclimatized Mountain Chickadees and Juniper Titmice

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Cooper ◽  
James A. Gessaman
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Mountain Chickadees

AbstractWe measured body temperature of Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) and Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus ridgwayi) at different times of day and under a range of ambient temperatures in order to determine the use of nocturnal hypothermia in seasonally acclimatized small passerines. Our findings show both species used nocturnal hypothermia year-round. Depth of hypothermia was inversely correlated to body mass in Juniper Titmice but not in Mountain Chickadees. In both species, depth of hypothermia did not vary seasonally but nocturnal body temperature was regulated 3–11°C lower than daytime values. Nocturnal energy savings range from 7%–50% in chickadees and from 10%–28% in titmice. These nocturnal energy savings translate into ecologically important reductions in daily energy expenditures for these two species.Hipotermia Nocturna en Individuos de Poecile gambeli y Baeolophus ridgwayi Aclimatados EstacionalmenteResumen. Medimos la temperatura corporal de Poecile gambeli y Baeolophus ridgwayi a diferentes horas del día y en un rango de temperaturas ambientales para determinar el uso de hipotermia nocturna en pequeñas aves paserinas aclimatadas estacionalmente. Nuestros resultados muestran que ambas especies presentaron hipotermia nocturna durante todo el año. La profundidad de la hipotermia estuvo inversamente correlacionada con la masa corporal en B. ridgwayi, pero no en P. gambeli. En ambas especies, la profundidad de la hipotermia no varió estacionalmente, pero la temperatura corporal nocturna estuvo regulada 3–11°C por debajo de los valores diurnos. El ahorro nocturno de energía varió entre 7%–50% en P. gambeli y entre 10%–28% en B. ridgwayi. Estos ahorros nocturnos de energía se tradujeron en reducciones ecológicamente importantes en los gastos diarios de energía para ambas especies.

Promoting Aboriginal Territoriality Through Interethnic Alliances: The Case of the Cheslatta T'en in Northern British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Colonial Encounter ◽  
Forestry Policies

Across rural North America, aboriginal and nonaboriginal people have formed strategic alliances to defend what are perceived to be common resources and attachments to place. Thus far, little is known about how these partnerships have factored into indigenous pursuits of territorial autonomy. This article describes how the Cheslatta T'en, a Dakelh (Carrier) community in north-central British Columbia, established a measure of control over their homeland after forming an alliance with local nonnative residents. Cheslatta leaders used cultural exchanges and social networks generated by the alliance to fashion territorial initiatives that, when taken together, channel popular environmentalism, provincial forestry policies, and ancestral ethnoecology into collective identity, action, and authority. As a result, the band has attained political influence over its traditional lands without participating in the province's treaty settlement process. Interethnic partnerships in rural areas are particularly relevant to political ecology because they reveal how the common experience of powerlessness can generate new forms of resource management that synthesize diverse constructions of nature. In this way, the paper contributes to the growing empirical work on such alliances and to emerging frameworks for a political ecology of social movements. It also adds to the ethnographic literature on the colonial encounter in British Columbia by highlighting the role of interethnic collaboration in contemporary rural resource management projects.

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