scholarly journals Nocturnal Hypothermia in Seasonally Acclimatized Mountain Chickadees and Juniper Titmice

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Cooper ◽  
James A. Gessaman
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Mountain Chickadees

AbstractWe measured body temperature of Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) and Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus ridgwayi) at different times of day and under a range of ambient temperatures in order to determine the use of nocturnal hypothermia in seasonally acclimatized small passerines. Our findings show both species used nocturnal hypothermia year-round. Depth of hypothermia was inversely correlated to body mass in Juniper Titmice but not in Mountain Chickadees. In both species, depth of hypothermia did not vary seasonally but nocturnal body temperature was regulated 3–11°C lower than daytime values. Nocturnal energy savings range from 7%–50% in chickadees and from 10%–28% in titmice. These nocturnal energy savings translate into ecologically important reductions in daily energy expenditures for these two species.Hipotermia Nocturna en Individuos de Poecile gambeli y Baeolophus ridgwayi Aclimatados EstacionalmenteResumen. Medimos la temperatura corporal de Poecile gambeli y Baeolophus ridgwayi a diferentes horas del día y en un rango de temperaturas ambientales para determinar el uso de hipotermia nocturna en pequeñas aves paserinas aclimatadas estacionalmente. Nuestros resultados muestran que ambas especies presentaron hipotermia nocturna durante todo el año. La profundidad de la hipotermia estuvo inversamente correlacionada con la masa corporal en B. ridgwayi, pero no en P. gambeli. En ambas especies, la profundidad de la hipotermia no varió estacionalmente, pero la temperatura corporal nocturna estuvo regulada 3–11°C por debajo de los valores diurnos. El ahorro nocturno de energía varió entre 7%–50% en P. gambeli y entre 10%–28% en B. ridgwayi. Estos ahorros nocturnos de energía se tradujeron en reducciones ecológicamente importantes en los gastos diarios de energía para ambas especies.

A comparison of draught cattle (Bos indicus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) carting loads in hot conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Anne Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Work Done

ABSTRACTTwo pairs of cattle and two pairs of buffaloes carted loads, in wooden wheeled local carts, 16 to 17 km over the same flat route on village tracks. One team worked each day in temperatures of 24 to 37°C for a total of 6 days per team.Body temperature, respiration rate and stepping rate in one animal from each pair and work done and distance travelled were monitored.Buffaloes and cattle started work at speeds of 1 m/s or more. Cattle kept this up for most of the day whereas the buffaloes showed a steady decrease in speed over the day to speeds of less than 0·9 m/s in the last hour. Body temperature of the buffaloes increased during work. By 3-5 h, increases of up to 3·5°C in starting values could be seen. It was necessary to stop and let the buffaloes wallow for at least 20 min to allow them to cool off before they would continue to work. During wallowing body temperature decreased to or below values seen at the start of the day's work. Unlike the buffaloes, the cattle showed changes of less than 1°C in body temperature during work. Respiration rates of buffaloes increased at least two-fold as they began panting usually after 1·5 to 2·5 h. Respiration rates of the cattle could also increase up to three-fold during work. The results have shown that in well fed animals there is little to choose between buffaloes and oxen in daily work output. Estimated daily energy expenditures by the buffaloes and cattle on working days were similar, 1·75 to 1·79 and 1·74 to 1·78 × maintenance, respectively. However, buffaloes usually took longer to achieve the work, as time had to be allowed for wallowing. This is seen as the main disadvantage of using buffaloes for carting on longer routes.

scholarly journals Seasonal Energetics of Mountain Chickadees and Juniper Titmice

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Metabolic Data ◽  
Mountain Chickadees

Abstract I used behavioral, meteorological, and laboratory metabolism data to calculate daily energy expenditure (DEE) in seasonally acclimatized Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) and Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus griseus). Analyses of laboratory metabolic data revealed that foraging energy requirements were not significantly higher than alert perching energy requirements. Respective DEE of chickadees and titmice were 48.8 kJ day−1 and 48.3 kJ day−1 in summer and 66.3 kJ day−1 and 98.7 kJ day−1 in winter. DEE as a multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was 2.31 in summer chickadees and 1.91 in summer titmice. DEE was 2.70 times BMR in winter chickadees and 3.43 times BMR in winter titmice. The marked increase in calculated DEE in winter birds compared to summer is in contrast to a pattern of increased DEE in the breeding season for several avian species. These data suggest that winter may be a period of even greater stringency for small birds than previously believed.

Body temperature changes induced by huddling in breeding male emperor penguins

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. R176-R185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Gilbert ◽  
Yvon Le Maho ◽  
Martine Perret ◽  
André Ancel
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Emperor Penguins

Huddling is the key energy-saving mechanism for emperor penguins to endure their 4-mo incubation fast during the Antarctic winter, but the underlying physiological mechanisms of this energy saving have remained elusive. The question is whether their deep body (core) temperature may drop in association with energy sparing, taking into account that successful egg incubation requires a temperature of about 36°C and that ambient temperatures of up to 37.5°C may be reached within tight huddles. Using data loggers implanted into five unrestrained breeding males, we present here the first data on body temperature changes throughout the breeding cycle of emperor penguins, with particular emphasis on huddling bouts. During the pairing period, core temperature decreased progressively from 37.5 ± 0.4°C to 36.5 ± 0.3°C, associated with a significant temperature drop of 0.5 ± 0.3°C during huddling. In case of egg loss, body temperature continued to decrease to 35.5 ± 0.4°C, with a further 0.9°C decrease during huddling. By contrast, a constant core temperature of 36.9 ± 0.2°C was maintained during successful incubation, even during huddling, suggesting a trade-off between the demands for successful egg incubation and energy saving. However, such a limited drop in body temperature cannot explain the observed energy savings of breeding emperor penguins. Furthermore, we never observed any signs of hyperthermia in huddling birds that were exposed to ambient temperatures as high as above 35°C. We suggest that the energy savings of huddling birds is due to a metabolic depression, the extent of which depends on a reduction of body surface areas exposed to cold.

scholarly journals Daily Energy Expenditures of Free-Ranging Common Loon (Gavia immer) Chicks

The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Fournier ◽  
William H. Karasov ◽  
Michael W. Meyer ◽  
Kevin P. Kenow
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gavia Immer ◽  
Common Loon ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Average Body Mass ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Average Body

Abstract We measured the daily energy expenditure of free-living Common Loon (Gavia immer) chicks using doubly labeled water (DLW). Average body mass of chicks during the DLW measures were 425, 1,052, and 1,963 g for 10 day-old (n = 5), 21 day-old (n = 6), and 35 day-old (n = 6) chicks, respectively, and their mean daily energy expenditures (DEE) were 686 kJ day−1, 768 kJ day−1, and 1,935 kJ day−1, respectively. Variation in DEE was not due solely to variation in body mass, but age was also a significant factor independent of body mass. Energy deposited in new tissue was calculated from age-dependent tissue energy contents and measured gains in body mass, which were 51, 54, and 33 g day−1 from the youngest to oldest chicks. Metabolizable energy (the sum of DEE and tissue energy) was used to estimate feeding rates of loon chicks and their exposure to mercury in the fish they consume. We calculated that loon chicks in Wisconsin consumed between 162 and 383 g wet mass of fish per day (depending on age), corresponding to intakes of mercury of 16–192 μg day−1.

Responses of body components to changes in the energetic demand throughout the breeding stages of rhinoceros auklets

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1549-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Niizuma ◽  
Yoko Araki ◽  
Hiroe Mori ◽  
Akinori Takahashi ◽  
Yutaka Watanuki
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Flight Costs ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Cerorhinca Monocerata ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Total Body

When rearing chicks, seabirds increase their daily energy expenditures during commuting flights between foraging areas and breeding colonies, owing to the heavy food loads. At this time, parents are expected to enlarge the size of their energy-supplying organs in response to the increased energy demands but reduce their total body mass to minimize the energetic cost of flight. The changes in body components of 40 incubating and chick-rearing rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) were examined. Chick-rearing auklets did not have larger energy-supplying organs and breast muscles than incubating ones. However, chick-rearing auklets had greater ash composition, but smaller lipid contents, of breast muscles than incubating ones, whereas the former had a mass of water and protein similar to the latter. Male and female auklets lost a mean of 32.6 and 32.1 g in body mass between incubation and chick-rearing stages, mainly via loss of lipid reserves, which consequently reduces flight costs by 9.9 and 9.1%, respectively. Performance of commuting flight could be improved through changes in breast muscle compositions and reductions in total body mass. Although auklets did not enlarge their energy-supplying organs, their body conditions could be maintained within the same phase between the breeding stages.

scholarly journals Energetics of Toucans, A Barbet, and A Hornbill: Implications for Avian Frugivory

The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 916-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K. McNab ◽  
C. Bosque
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Basal Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Avian Frugivory ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Abstract Rate of oxygen consumption was measured in eight species of toucans, one barbet, and one hornbill to examine factors that influence their energy expenditures. Basal rate of metabolism in those species, supplemented with measurements from three woodpeckers and three mousebirds, is correlated with body mass and either food habits or climate: temperate acorn- and insect-eating species have basal rates that are ∼70% greater than tropical fruit-eating species. The temperate, insect- or acorn-eating species are woodpeckers, so level of basal rate is also correlated with familial affiliation. The toucans, barbet, and hornbill have basal rates similar to those of frugivorous pigeons and bats, which collectively are low by avian standards. The effects of climate, food habits, and family affiliation on basal rates in endotherms are difficult to separate, given the restricted data set available. Earlier conclusions that the basal rates of birds greatly exceed those of mammals are confounded by character interactions that influence dependence of basal rate on body mass. The largest toucan showed a remarkable ability to reduce energy expenditure at low ambient temperatures without reducing core body temperature, possibly as a result of peripheral vasoconstriction.

scholarly journals Sex differences in dietary intake in British Army recruits undergoing phase one training

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Chapman ◽  
Justin Roberts ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
Alex Rawcliffe ◽  
Rachel Izard
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
British Army ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Army Recruits

Abstract Background British Army Phase One training exposes men and women to challenging distances of 13.5 km·d− 1 vs. 11.8 km·d− 1 and energy expenditures of ~ 4000 kcal·d− 1 and ~ 3000 kcal·d− 1, respectively. As such, it is essential that adequate nutrition is provided to support training demands. However, to date, there is a paucity of data on habitual dietary intake of British Army recruits. The aims of this study were to: (i) compare habitual dietary intake in British Army recruits undergoing Phase One training to Military Dietary Reference Values (MDRVs), and (ii) establish if there was a relative sex difference in dietary intake between men and women. Method Researcher led weighed food records and food diaries were used to assess dietary intake in twenty-eight women (age 21.4 ± 3.0 yrs., height: 163.7 ± 5.0 cm, body mass 65.0 ± 6.7 kg), and seventeen men (age 20.4 ± 2.3 yrs., height: 178.0 ± 7.9 cm, body mass 74.6 ± 8.1 kg) at the Army Training Centre, Pirbright for 8-days in week ten of training. Macro and micronutrient content were estimated using dietary analysis software (Nutritics, Dublin) and assessed via an independent sample t-test to establish if there was a sex difference in daily energy, macro or micronutrient intakes. Results Estimated daily energy intake was less than the MDRV for both men and women, with men consuming a greater amount of energy compared with women (2846 ± 573 vs. 2207 ± 585 kcal·day− 1, p < 0.001). Both sexes under consumed carbohydrate (CHO) when data was expressed relative to body mass with men consuming a greater amount than women (4.8 ± 1.3 vs. 3.8 ± 1.4 g·kg− 1·day− 1, p = 0.025, ES = 0.74). Both sexes also failed to meet MDRVs for protein intake with men consuming more than women (1.5 ± 0.3 vs. 1.3 ± 0.3 g·kg− 1·day− 1, p > 0.030, ES = 0.67). There were no differences in dietary fat intake between men and women (1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.5 g·kg− 1·day− 1, p = 0.483, ES = 0.00). Conclusions Daily EI in men and women in Phase One training does not meet MDRVs. Interventions to increase macronutrient intakes should be considered along with research investigating the potential benefits for increasing different macronutrient intakes on training adaptations.

scholarly journals Thermoregulation and Habitat Preference in Mountain Chickadees and Juniper Titmice

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 852-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Cooper ◽  
James A. Gessaman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Mountain Chickadees ◽  
Upper Critical Temperature

Abstract The Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli) and the Juniper Titmouse (Baeolophus ridgwayi) are closely related, ecologically similar passerines sympatric in portions of their range. However, Mountain Chickadees prefer higher altitude, cooler habitats than Juniper Titmice. We measured oxygen consumption, evaporative water loss, body temperature, and thermal conductance on seasonally acclimatized individuals to determine if thermoregulatory differences correlate with habitat preference. The Mountain Chickadee's lower critical temperature was 4.2°C lower than the Juniper Titmouse's in summer and 2.4°C lower in winter. Thermal conductance decreased significantly in winter relative to summer in Mountain Chickadees but not in Juniper Titmice. The Mountain Chickadee's upper critical temperature was 4.2°C lower than the Juniper Titmouse's in summer. Also in summer, Mountain Chickadees had significantly higher body temperature above the upper critical temperature than Juniper Titmice, indicating less heat tolerance. The overall metabolic response to temperature in these two species suggests that physiology plays a role in maintaining their habitat segregation. Termo-regulación y preferencia de hábitat en Poecile gambeli y Baeolophus ridgwayi Resumen. Las aves paserinas Poecile gambeli y Baeolophus ridgwayi, cercanamente emparentadas y ecológicamente similares, se distribuyen de modo simpátrico en partes de sus rangos. Sin embrago, P. gambeli prefiere ambientes más elevados y frescos que B. ridgwayi. Medimos el consumo de oxígeno, la pérdida de agua por evaporación, la temperatura corporal y la conductancia térmica en individuos aclimatados estacionalmente para determinar si las diferencias en termo-regulación se correlacionan con la preferencia de hábitat. La temperatura crítica menor de P. gambeli fue 4.2°C más baja que la de B. ridgwayi en el verano y 2.4°C más baja en el invierno. La conductancia térmica disminuyó significativamente en el invierno en relación al verano en P. gambeli pero no en B. ridgwayi. La temperatura crítica mayor de P. gambeli fue 4.2°C más baja que la de B. ridgwayi en el verano. También en el verano, P. gambeli tuvo una temperatura corporal significativamente mayor, por arriba del límite superior de temperatura crítica, que la de B. ridgwayi, indicando menor tolerancia al calor. La respuesta metabólica global a la temperatura en estas dos especies sugiere que la fisiología juega un rol importante en mantener la segregación de sus ambientes.

scholarly journals Diurnal Body Temperature and Rate of Passage of Loggers in Lions

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Ted Friend ◽  
Giulia Corsini ◽  
Vincent Manero ◽  
Raffaella Cocco
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Heat Lamp ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
African Lions ◽  
Circadian Patterns

The documentation of diurnal patterns in body temperature in lions could be important because disruption of circadian patterns can be a useful measure of distress. This study quantified changes in body temperature of seven African lions (Panthera leo) at 5 min intervals during cold conditions from noon until the ingested body temperature loggers were expelled the next day. Thirteen loggers were fed to 11 lions during their daily noon feeding, while ambient temperatures were also recorded using six data loggers. The lions had continuous access to their dens and exercise pens during the day but were restricted to their heavily bedded dens that also contained a heat lamp from 23:00 until 08:00 the next day. Body temperatures averaged 37.95 ± 0.42 °C at 15:50, and 36.81 ± 0.17 °C at 06:50 the next day, 30 min before the first loggers passed from a lion, and were significantly different (t-test, t = 8.09, df = 6, p < 0.0003). The mean duration for the time of passage was 22 ± 2.69 (h ± SD), so future studies using the noninvasive feeding of temperature loggers need to consider that time frame.

Ambient temperature effects on physiological traits of white-tailed deer

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Holter ◽  
W. E. Urban Jr. ◽  
H. H. Hayes ◽  
H. Silver ◽  
H. R. Skutt
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Wind Chill ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Body Energy

Six adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) were exposed to 165 periods of 12 consecutive hours of controlled constant ambient temperature in an indirect respiration calorimeter. Temperatures among periods varied from 38 to 0 (summer) or to −20C (fall, winter, spring). Traits measured were energy expenditure (metabolic rate), proportion of time spent standing, heart rate, and body temperature, the latter two using telemetry. The deer used body posture extensively as a means of maintaining body energy equilibrium. Energy expenditure was increased at low ambient temperature to combat cold and to maintain relatively constant body temperature. Changes in heart rate paralleled changes in energy expenditure. In a limited number of comparisons, slight wind chill was combatted through behavioral means with no effect on energy expenditure. The reaction of deer to varying ambient temperatures was not the same in all seasons of the year.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document