Effectiveness of Government Policies in Controlling COVID-19 in India

10.31124/advance.12612944 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

ASHUTOSH PANDEY ◽

Nitin Saxena

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Population ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Government Policies ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Indian States ◽

The People

<p>The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors which are responsible for the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure to identify the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesises that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons aged more than fifty, the population density and poverty rate in the state. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The regression result shows that out of the selected variables, only the urban population significantly impacts the total number of patients tested positive for COVID-19. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies.</p>

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Effectiveness of Government Policies in Controlling COVID-19 in India

10.31124/advance.12612944.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

ASHUTOSH PANDEY ◽

Nitin Saxena

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Population ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Government Policies ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Indian States ◽

The People

<p>The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors which are responsible for the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure to identify the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesises that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons aged more than fifty, the population density and poverty rate in the state. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The regression result shows that out of the selected variables, only the urban population significantly impacts the total number of patients tested positive for COVID-19. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies.</p>

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Prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with hypertension among rural and urban population of Kisii County, Kenya

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213211 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alex O. Ondieki ◽

Harun M. Kimani ◽

Titus M. Kahiga

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Epidemiologic Transition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. 9.4 out of the 20 million cardiovascular deaths are due to HTN. HTN has often been described to be more prevalent in urban areas. However, there has been an epidemiologic transition from urban to rural areas which often go unreported or underreported. This gap therefore called for a study to compare the prevalence of HTN burden and assess how socio-demographic factors contribute to HTN development among the rural and urban population.Methods: This study methodology focused on HTN among residents aged 30-69 years, from urban and rural population of Nyaribari Chache sub county, Kisii County, Kenya using a descriptive cross sectional study in which 490 respondents were interviewed. Sampling involved a random sampling technique which entailed household selection. Data was analysed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) version 21.Results: The prevalence of HTN for the sampled population was 44.668%. The prevalence of HTN was 44.134% in rural and 43.598% in urban areas. Rural population were more at risk of developing HTN than urban (OR=1.135 and RR=1.072). On general health, those who had ever been told that they had hypertension (p<0.000), ever been told that they had hypertension for the past 12 months (p=0.000) and those who were currently taking hypertension medication (p=0.026) were statistically significant variables.Conclusions: The study concludes that residents in rural population have higher prevalence of hypertension. Further, female respondents, those who are currently married, completed primary school education and were self-employed reported to have a higher prevalence of hypertension.

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METHODICAL APPROACHES TO DISTINGUISHING AND IDENTIFYING RURAL AREAS (IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE)

Economy of Ukraine ◽

10.15407/economyukr.2020.11.041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (11) ◽

pp. 41-59

Author(s):

Iryna STORONYANSKA ◽

◽

Ivan ZALUTSKYY ◽

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Population ◽

Legal Norms ◽

European Experience ◽

Administrative Unit ◽

Territorial Structure ◽

Administrative Units ◽

Definition Of

Emphasis is placed on the absence in the legislation of Ukraine of legal norms on methodological and legal criteria for identification of rural areas at certain hierarchical levels of administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine, specificity, consistency, predictability and effectiveness of state policy of rural development. From the standpoint of implementation in Ukraine of modern European tools for distinguishing rural areas, a variant of the legal definition of the term “rural area” is proposed, which specifies the criteria for identifying rural areas, in particular: • at the level of the local administrative unit (LAU): the population density is usually less than 300 people per 1 km2; the share of the urban population of the local administrative unit does not exceed 50% (rural population is more than 50%), except for the local administrative unit, which is a zone of connection (influence) of the city with a population of at least 50 thousand people, employing at least 15% inhabitants of a local administrative unit; • at the subregional (district) level (NUTS-3): population density is usually less than 300 inhabitants per 1 km2; the share of the urban population of the district is less than 50% (at least 50% rural population), if the district does not include a city with more than 200 thousand inhabitants, or at least 25% of the total population of the district. Taking into account the existing significant obstacles to the methodological implementation of European tools for rural identification, the classification of territories of administrative districts of Ukraine is substantiated and tested as small regions of NUTS-3 level and analogues of local administrative units according to available statistics, with the distinction of mostly urban, intermediate and mostly rural areas, in particular, the latter according to pro-European criteria.

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Integrated Assessment of Socio-Economic Development of Rural Areas, Taking into Account Differences in Population Density

Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises ◽

10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-10-76-83 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

N.N. Balashova ◽

◽

D.A. Korobeynikov ◽

S.A. Popova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Economic Development ◽

Population Density ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Integrated Assessment ◽

Russian Regions ◽

Socio Economic Development

Typologization of rural areas, taking into account differences in population density and level of socio-economic development, is necessary to identify “growth points” and strategic sustainability benchmarks. The method of integrated assessment of the level of socio-economic development of rural territories is proposed, according to which the grouping of Russian regions is carried out. Applying data on rural population density to the results of calculations allowed us to identify 12 typological groups, in the context of which unified recommendations on sustainable development of territories should be formed.

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Agriculture Biomaterial Industry in Romania

International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management ◽

10.4018/ijsem.2021010103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 32-44

Author(s):

Irina Bancescu

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Value Added ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Income Gap ◽

Rural Income ◽

Urban Rural

Rural areas in Romania are underdeveloped, with the main economic activity being agriculture. Urban-rural income gap and poverty levels are indicative of an underdeveloped rural area. Urban-rural absolute income gap for average monthly income increased from 352 RON in 2007 to 663 RON in 2017. Moreover, the work poverty rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Economic rural development can be achieved by improvements of the labour market and introduction of new value-added products. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are dependent on each other for a successful rural development leading to poverty alleviation. An industry that combines the two types of economic activities is agriculture biomaterial industry. In this paper, the authos investigates the factors influencing rural poverty and analyses the current stage of the bioplastics market in Romania and its economic implications. Bioplastics industry can reduce urban-rural income gaps and poverty in rural areas.

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MO759COMPERATIVE STUDY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH CKD ON HEMODIALYSIS IN URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS OF UZBEKISTAN

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfab097.0039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Olimkhon Sharapov ◽

Botir Daminov

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Population ◽

Medical Center ◽

Women Patients ◽

Urban Group ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Ckd Stage ◽

Rural Group

Abstract Background and Aims According to recently published WHO data, kidney disease has been the 10th leading cause of death in the world over the past 20 years. The lethality of dialysis patients with cardiovascular pathology is 3 times higher than that of patients without CVD. This is especially pronounced in developing countries. Uzbekistan is a country with a population of 34 million and has an equal urban and rural population. In this regard, it is of interest to comparatively study the structure of CVD in patients with CKD stage 5D of the rural and urban population of Uzbekistan. Method We examined 165 (90 men and 75 women) patients with CKD stage 5 receiving dialysis in urban and rural areas of Uzbekistan. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on their permanent place of residence and the medical center where they receive hemodialysis. 104 (51 men and 53 women) patients were included in the Urban group and 61 (39 men and 22 women) patients were included in the Rural group. The average age of the urban population was 49.7 ± 1.38 years, the rural population was 45.5 ± 1.83 years. All patients underwent programmed hemodialysis according to the standard scheme for 4 hours 3 times a day (12 hours/week). The average duration of hemodialysis in the Urban group was 37.0 ± 4.77 months (M ± m) and 16.6 ± 2.4 months in the Rural group. The main causes of CKD 5D in both groups were glomerulonephritis (Urban-36.5%, Rural-62%) and type 2 diabetes (Urban-31.7%, Rural-18%). Results CVD comorbidity occurred in 55,8% (n=92) of all 165 examined patients, of which 52 were men and 40 were women. The most common CVDs in all groups were hypertension (51%, n=84), coronary heart disease, presented as angina (28%, n=47), heart failure (14%, n=23) and various types of arrhythmias (5%, n=8). 77% (n=127) of patients had anemia due ESRD. In the group Urban(n=104), 62.5% (n=65) had CVD. The main CVD was Hypertension. It was found in 92% (n=60) of patients with CVD in this group. Less (65%, n=42) were patients with angina. Heart failure was detected in 31% (n=20) of patients. Arrhythmia was diagnosed in only 5% (n=5). A large number of combined CVD have been identified. 69% (n=45) of all patients with CVD had a combined CVDs in different combinations. The most common combination was hypertension + angina (n = 26). It accounted for almost 58% of all combined cases. Only 28% (n=17) of all cases with hypertension had "isolated" hypertension. The main combination with hypertension was hypertension + angina (43%, n=26), 11% (n=11) of patients had hypertension + angina + heart failure, a combination in the form of hypertension + angina + arrhythmia had 3% (n=3) patients. Relatively fewer (n = 27, 44%) CVD were found in the Rural group. The most frequent CVD was also a hypertension. Patients with hypertension made up 89% (n = 24) of all patients with CVD in this group. The second place is occupied by angina, it was found in 18.5% (n=5) cases among patients with CVD. Combined CVS pathologies were less common in the rural group. A total of 8 patients (29.6% of all CVD cases) had several CVDs. Conclusion Сardiovascular diseases in the urban population (62.5%) occur almost one and a half times more often than in the rural population (44%). Combined CVD pathology occupies a leading place in the structure of CVD in patients with CKD 5D, both urban and rural.

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PREVALENCE AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALNOURISHED CHILD BELOW 5 YEARS OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF BIHAR

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i3.1264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Rajiv Kumar Jha ◽

Sanjay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Age Group ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Status of nutrition reflects the status of health of a country. Infant and young child feeding practices are multidimensional and age specific. Inappropriate feeding practices and their consequences are major obstacles to sustainable socioeconomic development and poverty reduction. This study was a step to sort out various prevailing feeding practices and awareness status of the family of child in rural and urban areas of Bihar state among the age group of below 5 Years and their outcome. This study was a hospital based descriptive study carried out in PMCH (OPD and Indoor) Patna Bihar. Total number of participants in our study is 180 in the age group 0-5 years which was further divided into 3 groups according to their age each group (0-6, 6-24, and24-60months), had 60 participants. These groups were further equally divided on the basis of location rural and urban; these Subgroups were further divided into 2 equal subgroups according to sex. In this study variety of food given is 63% and 50% in urban and rural population respectively. It is revealed that population getting variety of food has significantly better outcome in nutritional status rather than population not getting it. This study has revealed that population getting nearly proper consistency and calories are only 53% and 41% in urban and rural areas respectively. Population getting nearly proper consistency and calories has significantly better outcome in nutritional status rather than population not getting it. Prevalent mode of feeding in children below 6 months in non exclusive BREAST feeding is bottle feeding in rural and urban areas. 42% and 50% of urban and rural population BOTTLE feed their children above 6 months respectively bottle feeding significantly affect the outcome i.e. the poor nutritional status as compared to the KATORI spoon feeding. Keywords: Healthy food, varieties of nutritional food intake, Breast feeding practices.

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Like Mother, like Son: Physical Activity, Commuting, and Associated Demographic Factors

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12145631 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 5631 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Caroline Brand ◽

Cézane Priscila Reuter ◽

Arieli Fernandes Dias ◽

Jorge Mota ◽

Michael Duncan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Skin Color ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Active Commuting ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship ◽

Living Area

A mother’s healthy conduct may lead to the healthy conduct of their children. Thus, this study aimed to verify the role of demographic factors in the relationship between mothers’ physical activity (PA) and commuting to work with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school. This cross-sectional study comprised 1421 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years and 1421 mothers, from Brazil. PA, commuting, socioeconomic status (SES), skin color/ethnicity, and living area were evaluated by questionnaire. Logistic binary regression models were used. Results indicated that mothers’ PA and commuting were associated with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school in crude and adjusted models. Considering the role of the demographic factors, an association was only observed for girls in the relationship between mother’s PA with children’s PA. In adolescents, an association was observed in both high/low SES, boys/girls, and rural/urban areas. Regarding children and adolescent active commuting to school, there was an association with mothers commuting. All demographic factors were strongly associated, except for rural areas. Therefore, mothers’ PA as well as commuting to work are associated with children and adolescent’s PA and commuting to school. Sex, living area, and SES are the related demographic factors.

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Diet Quality and Neighborhood Environment in the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health Project

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103217 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3217

Author(s):

Kaitlyn Gilham ◽

Qianqian Gu ◽

Trevor J. B. Dummer ◽

John J. Spinelli ◽

Rachel A. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Census Data ◽

Social Deprivation ◽

Neighborhood Environment ◽

Neighbourhood Environment ◽

Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽

Intermediate Density

An understanding of relationships between different constructs of the neighbourhood environment and diet quality is needed to inform public health interventions. This study investigated associations between material deprivation, social deprivation and population density with diet quality in a cohort of 19,973 Canadian adults aged 35 to 69 years within the Atlantic PATH cohort study. Diet quality, a metric of how well diet conforms to recommendations was determined from a 24-item food frequency questionnaire. Neighbourhood environment data were derived from dissemination area level Census data. Two deprivation indices were evaluated: material and social deprivation, which reflect access to goods and amenities and social relationships. Multi-level models were used to estimate relationships (mean differences and 95% CI) between neighbourhood environment and diet quality, adjusting for covariates. Mean diet quality was lower in the most socially deprived neighbourhoods compared to the least socially deprived: −0.56, 95% CI (−0.88, −0.25). Relationships between diet quality and population density differed between urban and rural areas (p-interaction < 0.0001). In rural areas, diet quality was higher in intermediate-density neighbourhoods: 0.54, 95% CI (0.05, 1.03). In urban areas, diet quality was lower in intermediate-density and the most-dense neighbourhoods: −0.84, 95% CI (−1.28, −0.40) and −0.72, 95% CI (−1.20, −0.25). Our findings suggest socially deprived and high-density neighbourhoods are associated with lower diet quality and possible urban-rural differences in neighbourhood environment-diet quality relationships. Additional studies are needed to determine the temporal nature of relationships and whether differences in diet quality are meaningful.

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