scholarly journals Stan i perspektywy oraz uwarunkowania prawne funkcjonowania sektorów biopaliw transportowych w Polsce

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kupczyk ◽  
Joanna Mączyńska ◽  
Michał Sikora ◽  
Karol Tucki ◽  
Tomasz Żelaziński
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Generation Biofuel

The current state and the future of the biofuels for transport sectors in Poland were presented in the paper. Because of the importance of legal conditions, crucial directives and acts affecting the shape of these sectors were discussed. The scoring multicriteria M.E. Porter method was used to research attractiveness of the national biofuel sectors, i.e. the sectors of biodiesel and bioethanol produced from edible material (so-called first gene­ration biofuels) as well as the sector of bioethanol produced from inedible material, mainly from lignocellulose (so-called second generation biofuel). Various factors of macro- and microenvironment of first generation biofuels caused regular reduction of their attractiveness. However, the sector of second generation bioethanol, which is not produced at industrial scale in Poland now, is characterized by relatively high and growing attractiveness.

Prospects for Production and Consumption of Second Generation Biofuels in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Waclaw Romaniuk ◽  
Tetyana Zheliezna ◽  
Semen Drahniev ◽  
Anatoliy Bashtovyi ◽  
Henryk Sobczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Second Generation Biofuels ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Current State ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Energy Independence

AbstractThe article analyzes the current state of production of second generation biofuels in the world and evaluates the possibility of launching such production in Ukraine. The work is topical due to the fact that liquid biofuels can replace a certain share of motor fuels consumed in Ukraine, thus contributing to the strengthening of the country’s energy independence. The purpose of the study is to assess feasibility of a project on the production of second generation bioethanol in Ukraine; the task is to carry out a preliminary feasibility study for such a project. The analysis of the study of pure co-substrate fermentation and as a supplement for cattle manure proves that the maximum biogas yield obtained using alcohol stillage in a ratio of 40-80% increased compared to fermentation of pure cattle manure. The use of pure bards compared to the bard and the slurry mixture increases the maximum yield of biogas. It was found that the biogas obtained from the use of alcohol stillage is a high con-sumption of biogas with the methane content of between 70 and 78%.

scholarly journals Development opportunities of biomass-based ethanol production in relation to starch- and cellulosebased bioethanol production

2013 ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Zoltán Balla
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol

The biomass is such a row material that is available in large quantities and it can be utilizied by the biotechnology in the future. Nowadays the technology which can process ligno cellulose and break down into fermentable sugars is being researched. One possible field of use of biomass is the liquid fuel production such as ethanol production. Based on the literary life cycle analysis, I compared the starch-based (first generation) to cellulose-based (second generation) bioethanol production in my study considering into account various environmental factors (land use, raw material production, energy balance). After my examination I came to the conclusion that the use of bioethanol, independent of its production technology, is favorable from environmental point of view but the application of second generation bioethanol has greater environmentally benefits.

scholarly journals Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Findings Determine Research Priorities

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Kang ◽  
Lise Appels ◽  
Tianwei Tan ◽  
Raf Dewil
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Combined Processes ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol

“Second generation” bioethanol, with lignocellulose material as feedstock, is a promising alternative for first generation bioethanol. This paper provides an overview of the current status and reveals the bottlenecks that hamper its implementation. The current literature specifies a conversion of biomass to bioethanol of 30 to ~50% only. Novel processes increase the conversion yield to about 92% of the theoretical yield. New combined processes reduce both the number of operational steps and the production of inhibitors. Recent advances in genetically engineered microorganisms are promising for higher alcohol tolerance and conversion efficiency. By combining advanced systems and by intensive additional research to eliminate current bottlenecks, second generation bioethanol could surpass the traditional first generation processes.

Four generations of nuclear physicists

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Industrial Societies

TO review the course of nuclear physics over many decades of time in the space of an hour’s talk and yet leave time for predicting its future requires a rather impressionistic technique in the presentation. I have chosen as my time markers the human generations which, as I hope you will see, also mark distinct phases in the development of the subject. Conventionally, a generation spans twenty-five years; hence a hundred years covers four generations. The first generation was that of Rutherford and Bohr, followed in the second generation by Heisenberg, Pauli, Blackett, Fermi and their contemporaries, many of whom are here today. The third generation is represented by the nuclear physicists of my own age and finally the fourth generation are those young physicists, now about 25 years old, on whom the development of this subject will depend in the next twenty-five years. I will try to trace through these generations four main themes each of which, in different ways, affects the future of nuclear physics. Firstly, and most importantly, the progress of the research itself; secondly, the development of the research apparatus; thirdly, the evolution of the organization of the research and lastly, the relationships between nuclear physics and the industrial societies which support it.

scholarly journals Analysıs of Stages of Development, Current State and Prospects of the Expert Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazila A. Rahimova ◽  
Vugar H. Abdullayev
Keyword(s):  
Expert Systems ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Moment

The objects of the study are stages of development and modern state. In general terms, expert systems are knowledge-based systems. This paper focuses on the components and principles of expert systems. Expert systems are also described. The components of expert systems include knowledge base, logical impact mechanism, user interface and decision-making. In addition, this article describes the capabilities of expert systems. One challenge is to identify the future prospects of expert systems. The research examined the expert system and its significance. It also focuses on generations of expert systems. The first generation of expert systems includes systems created before 1990. This article discusses SAINT, DENDRAL and HEARSAY-1. The features of this expert systems are also discussed here. First-generation expert systems are research prototypes. As a result, the foundations of artificial intelligence were developed. Mostly first-generation expert systems were used as a passive assistant expert. The second generation of expert systems refers to systems created since 1990. Features of second-generation expert systems include dynamism, interactivity, and processing of disparate knowledge. Unlike first-generation expert systems, these systems are able to test the completeness of the knowledge base, to process fuzzy knowledge. Their main difference is the ability to integrate second-generation expert systems with existing systems. At the moment, statistical and dynamic expert systems are distinguished. This article describes the current status of both types. Here are also discussed the tools of statistical and dynamic expert systems. At the end, possible prospects of expert systems are received.

scholarly journals The impacts of biofuel crops on local biodiversity: a global synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Jane Tudge ◽  
Andy Purvis ◽  
Adriana De Palma
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Biofuel Crops ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Generation Biofuel

AbstractConcerns about the impacts of climate change have led to increased targets for biofuel in the global energy market. First-generation biofuel crops contain oil, sugar or starch and are usually also grown for food, whereas second-generation biofuel is derived from non-food sources, including lignocellulosic crops, fast-growing trees, crop residues and waste. Biofuel production drives land-use change, a major cause of biodiversity loss, but there is limited knowledge of how different biofuel crops affect local biodiversity. Therefore, a more detailed understanding could inform more environmentally-conscious decisions about where to grow which biofuel crops. We synthesised data from 116 sources where a potential biofuel crop was grown and estimated how two measures of local biodiversity, species richness and total abundance, responded to different crops. Local species richness and abundance were 37% and 49% lower at sites planted with first-generation biofuel crops than in sites with primary vegetation. Soybean, wheat, maize and oil palm had the worst effects; the worst affected regions were Asia and Central and South America; and plant species richness and vertebrate abundance were the worst affected biodiversity measures. Second-generation biofuels had smaller, but still significant, effects: species richness and abundance were 19% and 25%, respectively, lower in such sites than in primary vegetation. Our models suggest that land clearance to cultivate biofuel crops reduces local biodiversity. However, the yield of biofuel from different crops influences the biodiversity impacts per unit of energy generated, and the geographic and taxonomic variation in effects are also relevant for making sustainable land-use decisions.

scholarly journals Survey of microbes in industrial-scale second-generation bioethanol production for better process knowledge and operation

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 8049-8064
Author(s):  
Velma T. E. Aho ◽  
Tiina Tolonen ◽  
Jasmiina Haverinen ◽  
Mari Jaakkola ◽  
Lars Paulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Process Knowledge ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol

scholarly journals Competition between Second-Generation Ethanol and Bioelectricity using the Residual Biomass of Sugarcane: Effects of Uncertainty on the Production Mix

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Tapia Carpio ◽  
Fábio Simone de Souza
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sugarcane Straw

Several economies around the world are using second-generation (2G) ethanol produced from agricultural residues, like sugarcane straw and bagasse, as a sustainable solution to replace petroleum products. Since first-generation (1G) ethanol uses the sugars of sugarcane, an integrated 1G–2G production would enable the production of more ethanol from the same amount of sugarcane without leading to increased use of arable land. The ethanol production process is complex, involving different high-energy consumption operations such as evaporation and distillation. The economic competitiveness of this process depends heavily on the amount of thermal and electrical energy produced using sugarcane straw and bagasse as input. Thus, the objective of this study was to use the mean-variance methodology to determine the optimal allocation of residual sugarcane biomass between 2G ethanol and bioelectricity productions, with simultaneous objectives of maximizing the return and minimizing the risk for investors of this sector. In this paper, four scenarios are analyzed. The first one is the base scenario that represents the current state of production costs and investments. scenarios 2, 3, and 4 considered four cuts of 10%, 20%, and 40% in the production cost of ethanol 2G, respectively. The results show the optimum biomass allocations and the growth rates of returns as a function of risk growth. It can be concluded that from scenario 4, the production of 2G ethanol becomes financially advantageous for the investor, presenting greater returns with smaller risks.

scholarly journals Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Are Effective Anti-HIV Drugs

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Steven J. Smith ◽  
Xue Zhi Zhao ◽  
Dario Oliveira Passos ◽  
Dmitry Lyumkis ◽  
Terrence R. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Current State ◽  
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors ◽  
Hiv Drugs ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Hiv 1

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently recommended for the first line treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. The first-generation INSTIs are effective but can select for resistant viruses. Recent advances have led to several potent second-generation INSTIs that are effective against both wild-type (WT) HIV-1 integrase and many of the first-generation INSTI-resistant mutants. The emergence of resistance to these new second-generation INSTIs has been minimal, which has resulted in alternative treatment strategies for HIV-1 patients. Moreover, because of their high antiviral potencies and, in some cases, their bioavailability profiles, INSTIs will probably have prominent roles in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Herein, we review the current state of the clinically relevant INSTIs and discuss the future outlook for this class of antiretrovirals.

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