scholarly journals Comparison of methods of zeta potential and residual turbidity of pectin solutions using calcium sulphate/aluminium sulphate as a precipitant

2017 ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Tatjana Kuljanin ◽  
Vladimir Filipovic ◽  
Biljana Loncar ◽  
Milica Nicetin ◽  
Violeta Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Binary Solution ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ion Binding ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Electrophoretic Method ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Minimum Solution

The affinity of calcium ion binding from CaO used in the most common process of purification of sugar beet juice is relatively low. Therefore, large amounts of this compound are required. This paper presents the theoretical basis of a novel sugar beet juice purification method based on the application of the binary system CaSO4/Al2(SO4) . In order to monitor the process of coagulation and precipitation of pectin in the presence of CaSO4/Al2(SO4)3, two methods were compared: measurement of the zeta potential and of residual solution turbidity. The zeta potential of pectin solution was determined by electrophoretic method, while the residual turbidity was determined by spectrophotometry. Two model solutions of pectin (0.1 % w/w) were investigated. Studies were performed with 10 different concentrations of the binary solution CaSO4/Al2(SO4)3 (50 - 500 g dm-3). The amount of the precipitant CaSO4/Al2(SO4)3 (1:1 w/w) needed to achieve the minimum solution turbidity and charge neutralization of pectin particles (zero zeta potential) were measured and compared. Colloidal destabilization occurred before a complete neutralization of the surface charge of pectin particles (zeta potential ~ 0 mV). Optimal quantities (490 - 705 mg g-1 pectin) of the applied binary mixture, were obtained using both methods. This is much lower than the amount of CaO that is commonly used in the conventional process of sugar beet juice purification (about 9 g? g-1 pectin). The use of these precipitants could be important from both economic and environmental point of view.

scholarly journals CaO&CaSO4 and CaO&Al2(SO4)3 as Pectin Precipitants–Model of Overlapping Diffuse Layers

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245
Author(s):  
Tatjana A. Kuljanin ◽  
Vladimir S. Filipović ◽  
Milica R. Nićetin ◽  
Biljana Lj. Lončar ◽  
Bojana V. Filipčev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Model Solutions ◽  
Diffuse Layers

This work is concerned with the theoretical basis of novel sugar beet juice purification method using binary systems CaO&CaSO4 and CaO&Al2(SO4)3. The Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS) model of overlapping of diffuse layers of EDLs on pectin surface and that on Ca2+ and Al3+ ions, theoretically explains this method. The change of the zeta potential was used to quantitatively indicate overlapping of diffuse layers. For the experiment two model solutions of pectin (0.1 % w/w) were prepared, while the concentrations of CaO&CaSO4 and CaO&Al2(SO4)3 in the range of 50–500 g dm-3 were used. The greater decrease in the absolute value of zeta potential indicated greater overlapping of diffuse layers between pectin particles and Ca2+ and Al3+ ions and faster coagulation of pectin. The overlapping degree increased with increased concentration of these binary systems. Pectin with a greater surface charge and multivalent Al3+ from CaO&Al2(SO4), exerted a greater impact on the zeta potential. Optimal quantities of the applied binary mixtures were as follows: 256–640 mg g-1 pectin. This is much lower than CaO commonly used in the conventional process of sugar beet juice purification (about 9 g g-1 pectin).

Efficiency of organic and mineral fertilizers under sugar beet and watermelon

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Hasil Cəmil oğlu Bağırov ◽  
◽  
Vüqar İmanəli oğlu Cəfərov ◽  
Arzu Vidadi qızı Həşimova ◽  
Rəşidə Elşən qızı Şükürova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Organic And Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Positive Effect

Without knowing the main quality indicators of agricultural products, it is impossible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of this or that agro-technical measure. One of the factors influencing the quality of sugar beet and watermelon is the effective application of fertilizers. Fertilizers increase the quality indicators of the product along with its expansion. From this point of view, the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the quality indicators of sugar beet and watermelon product in the meadow-gray soils of Mugan-Salyan region was studied. The combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the quality indicators of sugar beet and watermelon. Key words: organic and mineral fertilizers, sugar beet, watermelon, phosphorus, potassium, productivity, soil, quality

II. On the solubility of calcium sulphate in water in the presence of chlorides

1885 ◽  
Vol 38 (235-238) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Boiling Point ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Practical Point

It has long been known that the solubility of calcium sulphate in rater attains a maximum at about 35° C., also that the solubility of his compound is increased by the presence of common salt. But ccurate determinations of the extent to which the solubility is thus nfluenced have not hitherto been published. Having the means of ietermining solubilities at temperatures above the boiling point of rater, and considering the interest from both a theoretical and practical point of view attaching to these determinations, we undertook the following experiments.

scholarly journals The effect of copper ions, aluminium ions and their mixtures on separation of pectin from the sugar beet juice

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Kuljanin ◽  
Nevena Misljenovic ◽  
Gordana Koprivica ◽  
Lidija Jevric ◽  
Jasna Grbic
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Double Electric Layer ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Divalent Metal Ions ◽  
Ion Antagonism ◽  
Effect Of Copper

In sugar industry there is a problem of the presence of undesirable macromolecules compounds such as pectin in sugar beet juice. The affinity of calcium ions commonly used in the sugar industry for the removal of pectin from the sugar beet juice is relatively small. Coagulation and precipitation of pectin can be performed by process of discharging that is chemically induced. Compounds with di- and trivalent cations such as pure CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3 or their mixtures can be applied for clarification of pectin colloidal systems. According to data from the order of pectin selectivity to divalent metal ions, Cu2+ ions are the first order of ion binding. Also, aluminum sulfate is commonly used in the waste water treatment. Two model solutions of pectin whose concentration corresponds to the concentration of these macromolecules in sugar beet juice (0.1% w/w) are investigated. Using a method of measuring zeta potential, it was proven for both investigated pectin that fewer quantities of Cu2+ ions compared to the values of Al3+ ions are needed to reach zero zeta potential. In all the investigated coagulants and their mixtures, zeta potential has changed the sign. In experiments with mixtures has been shown that pure salts showed better coagulation properties. The reduced strength of binding of cations in the case of most of the applied mixture of Cu2+ and Al3+ ions, can be explained by the mutual competition of these ions for the adsorption site (COO- groups) on the surface of macromolecules. Mixture with approximately equal shares of ions Cu2+ and Al3+ had the most unfavorable coagulation ability (ion antagonism). Mechanism of discharge as well as the model of double electric layer surrounding pectin macromolecules in the presence of mixtures of Cu2+ and Al3+ ions are suggested. However, due to possible undesirable effects of CuSO4 on food processing, Al2(SO4)3 is proposed instead of traditional coagulant CaO, not only because of lower consumptions of coagulants but owing to protection of the environment.

The First Record of Tortoise Beetle Damage to Sugar Beet in the UK: Is Global Warming Responsible?

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-161
Author(s):  
Alan M. Dewar ◽  
Tim Martin
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Record ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Tortoise Beetle ◽  
Beetle Damage ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop ◽  
The Uk

The authors thought they had experienced everything that the sugar beet crop could throw at them from a pest point of view after almost 40 years of working with the sugar beet industry. It was therefore very exciting to be confronted with a highly unusual pest this summer, so unusual that its presence in high numbers causing significant damage to a sugar beet crop in Norfolk in August 2021, is the first record of such damage in the UK. The pest was the exotic tortoise beetle, Cassida nebulosa, which the sugar beet bible, Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Sugar Beet, published by the International Institute de la Recherches Betteraves (IIRB), describes as rare, and never important in northern Europe. Indeed, this species has never, in our memory, been recorded before as a pest in sugar beet in the UK, only a very rare presence. Dewar and Cooke (2006) stated in their review of pest problems in sugar beet the UK, that crop damage by tortoise beetles never occurs in western Europe, but can be severe in warmer Mediterranean regions and in Russia.

scholarly journals The discontinuity of the hydration process

1923 ◽  
Vol 104 (727) ◽  
pp. 512-537 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soluble Salt ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Humid Atmosphere ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Linen Industry ◽  
Night And Day

At the Linen Industry Research Institute, Belfast, where the work to be described was undertaken, the study of the absorption of moisture by textile materials has naturally occupied attention. It is clear from an examination of the literature that, in the past, far greater attention has been paid to the development and application of technical methods of drying and of conditioning than to the study of the nature of the changes which are involved. Herzog has recorded certain physical changes in textile materials during hydration, but interest has been focussed more particularly upon the question of the regain of moisture when equilibrium is attained on exposing materials in a humid atmosphere. Orme Masson and Richards and Schloessing have studied the behaviour of cotton and other textile materials from this point of view, and owing, no doubt, to the importance precise information of this kind has in its commercial application, considerable attention has been given to questions of this kind. It has been thought desirable to examine carefully, not only the conditions which determine the equilibrium between the humidity of the atmosphere and that of the substance, but also and more particularly the rate of attainment of such equilibrium, this being a matter of special interest in the Linen Industry. Apart from the work of B. A. Keen§ on the evaporation of water from soil no attempt appears to have been made to follow accurately the rate at which hydration changes of this kind proceed. Our early observations, which were made last year, showed very clearly that a characteristic feature of both hydration and dehydration changes of cellulosic materials is a discontinuity of the process, and evidence in support of this view seemed so convincing that we were led to ascertain whether such discontinuity were in any way characteristic of these materials. From this point of view, we have more recently made a study of the hydration of salts, choosing calcium sulphate as a sparingly soluble salt, copper sulphate as a freely soluble salt, and isinglass as a typical colloid characterised by the readiness with which it absorbs water and the peculiar manner in which it swells. The process of hydration has been studied in both directions. In many cases observations with a single substance have extended over several, weeks, and when hydration was proceeding rapidly they were continued without interruption night and day, by working in shifts. It was found that the behaviour of substances generally, whether crystalline or amorphous, was similar in principle, and that hydration took place in a series of discontinuous steps, the change in rate occurring at frequent intervals. Moreover, action was found to occur along a series of simple curves, generally either parabolic or linear, which were of such a nature that the whole course of action, whether of hydration or dehydration, and covering either minutes, hours or days, could be accurately expressed by a series of simple equations in which time was reckoned from the original starting point.

A note on differential responses in blocks

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kempthorne
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Short Statement ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Differential Responses

The purpose of this note is to present the results of the analysis of a series of experiments for the existence of interactions between treatments tested and blocks. It is implicit in all modern designs which involve confounding and/or fractional replication that such interactions are negligible compared with the effects and interactions which the experiments are designed to estimate. The matter has been discussed from the theoretical point of view in a recent paper on confounding and fractional replication (Kempthorne, 1947). This note will consist of a short statement of the problem and the results of an examination of a series of experiments on sugar beet which provide information on the point in question.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Laccase and Sugar Beet Pectin on the Properties of Concentrated Protein Emulsions and Its Application in Concentrated Coconut Milk

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pusen Chen ◽  
Wenxue Chen ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Qiuping Zhong ◽  
Haiming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Coconut Protein ◽  
The Stability

Concentrated coconut milk (CCM), a raw material from coconut products, is extremely unstable because of its high oil content (>30%). In this study, three model emulsions—primary emulsions stabilized by coconut proteins only, secondary emulsions stabilized by the conjugation of sugar beet pectin (SBP) and coconut protein, and laccase-treated secondary emulsions—were prepared to investigate the effects of different factors (coconut proteins, coconut proteins + SBP, laccase-treated emulsions) on the stability of model emulsions and the application of this method to real CCM. The stability of the emulsions was evaluated based on their interfacial tension, zeta potential, particle size distribution, rheological properties, and the assembly formation of SBP and coconut protein at the oil–water interface. Results showed that addition of SBP or laccase can increase the viscosity and reduce the interfacial tension of the emulsion, and the effect was concentration dependent. Zeta potential of the emulsion decreased with the increase of protein (from −16 to −32 mV) and addition of SBP (from −32 to −46 mV), and it was reduced when laccase was added (from −9.5 to −6.0 mV). The secondary emulsion exhibited the narrowest particle size distribution (from 0.1 to 20 μm); however, laccase-catalyzed secondary emulsions showed the best storage stability and no layering when the laccase content reached 10 U/100 g. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that protein was adsorbed on the oil–water interface and SBP distributed in the continuous phase could undergo oxidative crosslinking by laccase. These results show that the stability of the concentrated emulsion can be effectively improved by adding SBP and laccase.

Affixation in Morphology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristel Van Goethem
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
End Points ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Opposite Change ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Morphological Processes

Affixation is the morphological process that consists of adding an affix (i.e., a bound morpheme) to a morphological base. It is cross-linguistically the most common process that human languages use to derive new lexemes (derivational affixation) or to adapt a word’s form to its morphosyntactic context (inflectional affixation). Suffixes (i.e., bound morphemes following the base) and prefixes (i.e., bound morphemes preceding the base) are the most common affixes, with suffixation being more frequently recorded in the world’s languages than prefixation. Minor types of affixation include circumfixation and infixation. Conversion and back-formation are related derivational processes that do not make use of affixation. Many studies have concentrated on the need to differentiate derivation from inflection, but these morphological processes are probably best described as two end points of a cline. Prototypically, derivation is used to change a word’s category (part of speech) and involves a semantic change. A word’s inflectional distinctions make up its paradigm, which amounts to the different morphological forms that correlate with different morphosyntactic functions. Form-function mapping in (derivational and inflectional) affixation is a key issue in current research on affixation. Many deviations from the canonical One Form-One Meaning principle can be observed in the field of affixation. From a diachronic point of view, it has been demonstrated that affixes often derive from free lexemes by grammaticalization, with affixoids being recognized as an intermediate step on this cline. More controversial, but still attested, is the opposite change whereby affixes and affixoids develop into free morphemes through a process of degrammaticalization.

scholarly journals Structure, function, and ion-binding properties of a K+ channel stabilized in the 2,4-ion–bound configuration

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (34) ◽  
pp. 16829-16834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cholpon Tilegenova ◽  
D. Marien Cortes ◽  
Nermina Jahovic ◽  
Emily Hardy ◽  
Parameswaran Hariharan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Selectivity Filter ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
Ion Binding ◽  
Coupled Transport ◽  
Binding Properties

Here, we present the atomic resolution crystallographic structure, the function, and the ion-binding properties of the KcsA mutants, G77A and G77C, that stabilize the 2,4-ion–bound configuration (i.e., water, K+, water, K+-ion–bound configuration) of the K+ channel’s selectivity filter. A full functional and thermodynamic characterization of the G77A mutant revealed wild-type–like ion selectivity and apparent K+-binding affinity, in addition to showing a lack of C-type inactivation gating and a marked reduction in its single-channel conductance. These structures validate, from a structural point of view, the notion that 2 isoenergetic ion-bound configurations coexist within a K+ channel’s selectivity filter, which fully agrees with the water–K+-ion–coupled transport detected by streaming potential measurements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document