Concept of spatial coordinate systems, their defining and implementation as a precondition in geospatial applications

There are many users of spatial information, and quite large interest about the nature and genesis of such information. Different users found spatial information in the form of maps, plans or alphanumerical tables. Recently, there are more often in the form of spatial databases, and in the form of geographic information systems. What is behind these spatial data? On what foundation are they designed? In this article we look at the basic aspects of space, dimensionality and global coordinate systems in applications of global geospatial research. Here is explained the definition of the coordinate system as an abstract entity and, consequently, its implementation or establishment in the form of a geodetic reference frame, as real geodetic reference network. The applicative aspect of coordinate systems in this article is emphasized through recommendations and considerations during usage of their different implementations.

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Harmonization of different type of coordinate systems used for North Macedonian official spatial data

Proceedings of the ICA ◽

10.5194/ica-proc-2-46-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Bashkim Idrizi

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Data Sets ◽

Central Meridian ◽

Vector Data ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Data Harmonization ◽

Legal Documents ◽

Spatial Data Sets ◽

Definition Of

Abstract. From the beginning of developing vector data sets in Macedonia, till now, three type of coordinate values for North Macedonian spatial data have been used.Law for real estate cadaster and Regulation for basic geodetic works are the official legal bases for definition of official state coordinate system. In both legal documents, state coordinate system is defined by Ellipsoid of Bessel 1841, Datum of Hermannskogel, and Gauss-Kruger projection with central meridian 21&deg;&thinsp;E, scale factor 0.9999, false easting 500000&thinsp;m, false northing 0&thinsp;m and 7th projecting zone per 3&deg;. Based on mentioned parameters, the coordinate systems EPSG 6204 and EPSG 6316 are defined and internationally recognized. The core deferens between them is false easting value. As a result of both coordinate systems parameters, the values of easting coordinates are far from each other for 7000&thinsp;km!Beside EPSG 6204 and 6316, official spatial data sets defined in CAD software were digitized by excluding first digits of easting and northing coordinates, by excluding digits 7 for easting and 4 for northing coordinates of spatial data.Using three types of coordinate values, requires process of data harmonization before their usage in same project, in order to reach the spatial data overlapping. Third type of coordinate system, due to the lack of coordinate system parameters, can not be automatically overlapped with data defined in EPSG6204 and EPSG6316, which requires defining of intermediate coordinate system for third type of data in order to establish the mathematical base for data harmonization/overlapping by transformation of coordinates between three systems.

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2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100050867 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 21-26

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Working Group ◽

General Character ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Reference Coordinate System ◽

Group 2 ◽

Definition Of ◽

Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

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The Celestial Reference System in Relativistic Framework

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900086435 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 141 ◽

pp. 99-110

Author(s):

Han Chun-Hao ◽

Huang Tian-Yi ◽

Xu Bang-Xin

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Reference Frame ◽

Reference System ◽

Light Deflection ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Definition Of ◽

Celestial Sphere ◽

Celestial Reference System ◽

Relativistic Framework

The concept of reference system, reference frame, coordinate system and celestial sphere in a relativistic framework are given. The problems on the choice of celestial coordinate systems and the definition of the light deflection are discussed. Our suggestions are listed in Sec. 5.

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Applications of the Global Coordinate System

General Equilibrium Theory of Value ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691146799.003.0006 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Yves Balasko

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Critical Points ◽

Global Coordinate System ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Analytical Characterization ◽

Equilibrium Manifold ◽

System P ◽

Definition Of

The global coordinate system for the equilibrium manifold follows from: (1) the determination of the unique fiber F(b) through the equilibrium (ρ‎, ω‎) where b = φ‎((ρ‎, ω‎) = (ρ‎, ρ‎ · ρ‎1, …, ρ‎ · ρ‎m); and (2) the determination of the location of the equilibrium (ρ‎, ω‎) within the fiber F(b) viewed as a linear space of dimension (ℓ − 1)(m − 1) and, therefore, parameterized by (ℓ − 1)(m − 1) coordinates. If there is little leeway in determining the fiber F(b) through the equilibrium (ρ‎, ω‎), there are different ways of representing the equilibrium (ρ‎, ω‎) within its fiber F(b). This leads to the definition of coordinate systems (A) and (B) for the equilibrium manifold. This chapter defines these two coordinate systems and applies them to obtain an analytical characterization of the critical equilibria, i.e., the critical points of the natural projection.

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A Survey of Spatial Data Mining Methods Databases and Statistics Point of Views

Data Warehousing and Web Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-931777-02-5.ch013 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 229-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Karine Zeitouni

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Information Systems ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Geographic Information Systems ◽

Spatial Statistics ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Spatial Databases ◽

Spatial Data Mining ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Mining Methods

This chapter reviews the data mining methods that are combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for carrying out spatial analysis of geographic data. We will first look at data mining functions as applied to such data and then highlight their specificity compared with their application to classical data. We will go on to describe the research that is currently going on in this area, pointing out that there are two approaches: the first comes from learning on spatial databases, while the second is based on spatial statistics. We will conclude by discussing the main differences between these two approaches and the elements they have in common.

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Effective 3-D surface modeling for geographic information systems

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-16-123-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 123-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Yüksek ◽

M. Alparslan ◽

E. Mendi

Keyword(s):

Information Systems ◽

Geographic Information Systems ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Surface Modeling ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Main Memory ◽

Replacement Policy ◽

Multimedia Database ◽

Image Size

Abstract. In this work, we propose a dynamic, flexible and interactive urban digital terrain platform with spatial data and query processing capabilities of geographic information systems, multimedia database functionality and graphical modeling infrastructure. A new data element, called Geo-Node, which stores image, spatial data and 3-D CAD objects is developed using an efficient data structure. The system effectively handles data transfer of Geo-Nodes between main memory and secondary storage with an optimized directional replacement policy (DRP) based buffer management scheme. Polyhedron structures are used in digital surface modeling and smoothing process is performed by interpolation. The experimental results show that our framework achieves high performance and works effectively with urban scenes independent from the amount of spatial data and image size. The proposed platform may contribute to the development of various applications such as Web GIS systems based on 3-D graphics standards (e.g., X3-D and VRML) and services which integrate multi-dimensional spatial information and satellite/aerial imagery.

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Geovisualization Techniques of Spatial Environmental Data Using Different Visualization Tools

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10196701 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (19) ◽

pp. 6701

Author(s):

Dániel Balla ◽

Marianna Zichar ◽

Róbert Tóth ◽

Emőke Kiss ◽

Gergő Karancsi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Spatial Databases ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Central Area ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Cognitive Approach ◽

North West ◽

Distribution Maps ◽

Sewage System

The appearance of online map services and frameworks (e.g., KML, QGIS) has increased the possibilities to easily, quickly and—in many cases—cost-effectively publish spatial data stored in databases. The aim of this study is to present the geovisualization of spatial databases of a Hungarian settlement on the web, using the open source webGIS system and Google application programming interfaces (APIs). The interactive point and interpolated distribution maps available online provide a detailed picture of the level of contamination, the spatial distribution of the ground water supply of the investigated settlement, and the changes which have occurred following the establishment of the sewage system. In the case of PO43− we determined that in the year before the sewage system was constructed, most of the area of the settlement could be considered contaminated, with the highest level of contamination measured in the central area of the settlement. Five years after the construction of the sewage system, the ratio of the contaminated areas had significantly decreased. In the case of NO3− we found a high level of contamination before the construction of the sewage system with a concentration increase in a North–West direction. After the establishment of the sewage system, the increase in concentration was the most intense in the central parts of the settlement, while the characteristic spatial distribution could no longer be observed. The geovisualization techniques developed are able to provide information about the different spatial data for users in a visual way, and also help to understand better the spatial information using a cognitive approach. The advantage of interactive web maps created with the technologies applied over traditional static maps is a new approach, which allows the user to manipulate the temporal and spatial data directly in the most appropriate way.

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Indexing of icosahedral quasiperiodic crystals

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.1986.0013 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 467

Author(s):

John W. Cahn ◽

Dan Shechtman ◽

Denis Gratias

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Electron Diffraction ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Coordinate System ◽

Powder Diffraction ◽

Simple Application ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Definition Of ◽

Crystal Electron

Since the definition of quasiperiodicity is intimately connected to the indexing of a Fourier transform, for the case of an icosahedral solid, the step necessary to prove, using diffraction, that an object is quasiperiodic, is described. Various coordinate systems are discussed and reasons are given for choosing one aligned with a set of three orthogonal two-fold axes. Based on this coordinate system, the main crystallographic projections are presented and several analyzed single-crystal electron diffraction patterns are demonstrated. The extinction rules for three of the five icosahedral Bravais quasilattices are compared, and some simple relationships with the six-dimensional cut and projection crystallography are derived. This analysis leads to a simple application for indexing powder diffraction patterns.

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The Effect of Using Multiple Coordinate Systems and Datum Transformations on the Calculated Coordinates in Palestine

Bulletin of Geography Physical Geography Series ◽

10.2478/bgeo-2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 31-41

Author(s):

Ghadi Younis

Keyword(s):

Coordinate System ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Service Providers ◽

Local Coordinate System ◽

Geodetic Network ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

The West ◽

Transformation Methods ◽

Gnss Data ◽

Gis Software

AbstractThe recent developments in spatial data collection, management and software require the availability of proper geodetic infrastructures for integrating different types and sources of coordinates without causing effective changes in positions. Nowadays, positions are mostly collected by GNSS data collectors based on WGS84/ITRF reference systems. The data are then subjected to transformations and projections to a locally used system. Another possibility is direct data collection based on the local coordinate system by classical surveys using land surveying, photogrammetry, laser scanning, etc. The spatial data management is commonly operated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software for mapping, analysis, planning, and other services. The conversions between different coordinate systems should be well defined to guarantee the consistency of the coordinates on all systems and tools. In Palestine, the classical and local surveys are all based on the local coordinate system Pal1923Grid for engineering, cadastral and planning applications. The different GNSS RTK-service providers use different definitions and transformation methods between WGS84 or the International Terrestrial Reference Frames (ITRF) and the local Palestine1923Grid, whereas the Land authority has adopted a group of parameters to be implemented on the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data collectors, which do not fit with Palestine1923Grid properties. Additionally, different transformation methods are used in GIS applications for converting the coordinates between the different systems using WGS84 as an intermediate system. Here, the coordinates of a group of the geodetic network in the West Bank of Palestine are used to assess the accuracy of the different transformations and systems by comparing the transformed coordinates using the GNSS system and the originally registered coordinates. Furthermore, a grid of points covering the coordinate system extents is used to describe the differences between the transformations and systems. It was found that the parameters provided by GNSS service providers have results that are consistent with each other and the geodetic network in the West Bank of Palestine compared to GIS-software parameters. By contrast, all systems have extremely deteriorated coordinates in the Gaza strip and the further parts of the Pal1923Grid extents.

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Techniques and Methods of GIS for Business

Geographic Information Systems in Business ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-399-9.ch003 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 36-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard P. Greene ◽

John C. Stager

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Geographic Information Systems ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Spatial Databases ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Business Applications ◽

First Case ◽

Urban Labor Market ◽

Standard Techniques

This chapter reviews some standard techniques and methods of geographic information systems for business applications. Characteristics of spatial databases are first reviewed and discussed. Methods of displaying spatial data are compared and contrasted and GIS overlay procedures are described. Two case studies showcase many of the techniques introduced. The first case study illustrates the use of GIS for analyzing an urban labor market while the second demonstrates the integration of modeling functions into a GIS with an application of the gravity model.

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