scholarly journals Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
A.K. Musa ◽  
M.C. Dike
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Trogoderma Granarium ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Khapra Beetle ◽  
Average Fecundity

The life cycle of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut was studied under fluctuating laboratory conditions of 25?5?C and 70?5% relative humidity. There were five larval instars and the total development time from egg to adult ranged from 37 to 40 days with an average of 37.95 days. The duration of each developmental stage was egg: 6.05 days; first instar: 3.8 days; second instar: 4.7 days; third instar: 5.6 days; fourth instar: 6.2 days; fifth instar: 6.8 days and pupa: 4.8 days. Females had an average fecundity of 80.2 eggs. Mean adult longevity was 12.4 days. .

scholarly journals The influence of the fasting period on the number of nymphal instars and on the sex ratio of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huarrisson Azevedo Santos ◽  
Isabele da Costa Angelo ◽  
Marcos Pinheiro Franque ◽  
Usha Vashist ◽  
Aline Falqueto Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar

The current study investigated the biology of nymphs of the first and second instars of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Nymphs were deprived of food for 15, 30 or 60 days and held at 27 ± 1 ºC and 80 ± 10% relative humidity (controlled conditions) or at room conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Nymphs of first instar deprived of food for 15 or 30 days molted to second and third instars in both controlled and room conditions. Nymphs of the first instar deprived of food for 60 days had 28 and 37% mortality in controlled and room conditions, respectively; and survivors did not attach to the host. Nymphs of the second instar, deprived of food for 60 days, molted either to the third instar or to males after feeding on Gallus gallus, and the nymphs of the third instar developed to adults (42.42% males and 36.36% females when nymphs were held in controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and 40.54% males and 48.65% females when nymphs were held in room conditions). The remainder of the nymphs molted to the fourth instar and then molted to females. In conclusion, the nymphal starvation period of 60 days determined the number of nymph instars in the life cycle of A. miniatus under the experimental conditions studied.

scholarly journals Biologi Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) pada tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) di rumah kasa

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Dosma Ulina Simbolon ◽  
Maryani Cyccu Tobing ◽  
Darma Bakti
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
North Sumatra

<p><em>Stenocranus pacificus </em>Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is destructive pest on corn plants in South Lampung and it has been reported to cause corn damages in North Sumatra. The  objective of this research was to study some aspects biology of <em>S. pacificus</em> on corn plants in screenhouse. The research was conducted by observing the biology of <em>S. pacificus</em> that was reared on corn plants in screenhouse.<em> </em>The results showed that life cycle of <em>S. pacificus </em>was 38–47 (41,60 ± 3,19) days: egg was 9–11 (10,20 ± 0,79) days, the first instar nymph was 3–4 (3,70 ± 0,48) days, the second instar nymph was 3–4 (3,90 ± 0,32) days, the third instar nymph was 3–4 (3,70 ± 0,48) days, the fourth instar nymph was 3–4 (3,80 ± 0,42) days, and the fifth instar nymph was 3–4 (3,60 ± 0,52) days. Age of female was 13–17 (15,30 ± 1,34) days. It was longer than age of male which was 8–12 (10,10 ± 1,20) days. Female could produce 181–214 (197,60 ± 11,64) eggs during its life. The sex ratio was 1:1,98.</p>

The Bionomics of an African Megarhinus (Dipt., Culicidae) and its possible use in Biological Control

1951 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Muspratt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Annual Range

Living specimens of Megarhinus brevipalpis were transported from southern Natal to Johannesburg to establish an insectary-bred colony. The natural habitat of these predatory mosquitos consisted of small isolated patches of sub-tropical forest, in which the rainfall is 40–50 ins. (102–127 cm.) with a mean winter temperature of 64°F. (17·7°C.) and an annual range of 27°–33°F. (15°–18°C). The breeding places were leaf axils of Strelitzia nicolai (a plant resembling a wild banana), small rot holes in trees and larger ones in Strelitzia stumps. The larvae were collected from leaf axils with an apparatus consisting of a rubber bulb to which were attached lengths of glass and rubber tubing.The insectary was a room 9 ft.×8 ft. 6 ins. and 9 ft. high which was kept at tropical heat and humidity. Mating of the adults was observed, copulation being effected while at rest or in flight. Oviposition was usually accomplished in flight but also while at rest on the surface of the water. In the summer time two females, which were tested, laid about 85 eggs each during the month following emergence from the pupa, six or seven days elapsing after emergence before the first oviposition. In the middle of the winter, oviposition (with later generations) became very irregular in spite of the temperature and humidity remaining constant. The adults, which were comparable to those of the natural habitat, were fed on sugar solution, honey and fruit juice. One bred out as a gynandromorph.When given an abundant supply of larvae of laboratory bred Aëdes aegypti, the life-cycle of M. brevipalpis was normally : egg (incubation), less than two days ; larva, 11–20 days (average 14·5 days) ; pupa, five days. This does not include a small number of exceptional cases in which the life as a fully grown larva was abnormally prolonged (in one case nearly four months) for reasons which are not absolutely clear. The larvae killed from 100 to 200 or more Aëdes larvae during the normal larval life, but many of these were not eaten when the brevipalpis were in the late fourth instar. By a special technique they were also induced to eat dead tissues including minced pork brawn, minced maggots and minced flies. Except for the latter these were not satisfactory foods although there was slow development.Fourth-instar larvae were kept out of water for three to four weeks (without food), in a damp atmosphere, and afterwards when fed most of them developed normally, but pupation was sometimes suspended for a considerable time. They have been sent by post (out of water) in tubes with damp cotton wool and filter paper.The egg differed from that of other Megarhinus species in having a crown of projections at one end with a cup-like structure in the centre. The exochorion had roughly hexagonal cells but without numerous tubercles as in other species.First-instar larvae remained in the egg-shell after hatching when the eggs-were out of water but on a damp surface and in a saturated atmosphere. They survived like this for up to six days or about the same time as the larvae survived in tap water if there was no food. When liberated in water the head of the first-instar larva was comparatively small with the mouth parts folded in. Within two hours of liberation in water the head enlarged considerably and the mouth parts came into position ; the larva was then ready to catch its Culicine prey. When in water containing dead leaves, these larvae survived from a few days to over four weeks and some grew to the third instar without any Culicine food.Cannibalism was investigated. Fourth-instar larvae did not attack each other readily ; they devoured smaller larvae of their own species and small to medium size larvae resorted to cannibalism, particularly in the absence of Culicine prey. There was evidence that fourth-instar Aëdes aegypti occasionally ate first-instar Megarhinus.The discussion traces attempts which have been made in certain Pacific islands, notably Hawaii and Fiji, to use Megarhines for biological control of disease-carrying mosquitos. M. brevipalpis has a shorter life-cycle than the species introduced into these islands and the conclusion reached is that laboratory breeding, to enable large numbers to be released in certain areas, would be a suitable adjunct to a programme of general control, in this part of the world. Airmail consignments of larvae are being sent to Hawaii with the object of starting a laboratory colony there.

Studies on the biology of the palm aphid, Cerataphis variabilis (Homoptera: Pemphigidae), on Raphia hookeri–1: Developmental period of the immatures, fecundity and longevity of the apterous adults

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Enobakhare
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Raphia Hookeri

AbstractThe biology of the aphid, Cerataphis variabilis H.R.L., on Raphia hookeri Mann & Wendl., was studied in the laboratory and the field using a ‘clip-on’ cage and a sleeve cage. The first instar lasted 5.1 days. The second and third instars each lasted 2.45 days, while the fourth instar lasted 2.4 days. The total developmental period of the nymphs was 11.3 days at 26.4 ± 1.43°C and r.h. 83 ± 1.46%; 11.6 days at 26.4 ± 1.63°C and r.h. 85 ± 1.19%; 12.9 days at 27.9 ± 1.04°C and r.h. 75.5 ± 1.64%; 12.95 days at 27.8 ± 0.33°C and r.h. 69 ± 1.23%; 15 days at 21.4 ± 0.58°C and r.h. 45 ± 1.77%. These periods were significantly different at 5% level (LSD = 0.59 days). The higher the temperature and relative humidity the shorter the developmental period (with temperature: r = −0.69, 20.8–28.9°C; r.h.: r = −0.97, 43.2–86.2%). The number of progeny per adult ranged from 54 to 60 in a period of 28–31 days. The longevity ranged from 31 to 34 days.

Characteristics of Attack of Coastal Timbers by Pselactus spadix (Herbst) (Col.: Curc.: Cossoninae) and an Investigation of its Life History

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Oevering ◽  
A.J. Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Larval Instars

Summary Pselactus spadix attack of marine timbers was characterised by circular emergence holes 1.48±0.05 mm in diameter and adult tunnels (1.49±0.34 mm) breaking through the wood surface. Larval tunnels measured 0.407–1.892 mm in diameter, initiated from adult tunnels and increased in diameter away from the adult tunnel terminating in frass free pupal chambers (1.6±0.3 mm × 3.5±0.7 mm). Observations of larval tunnel locations indicated oviposition occurred inside the adult tunnels. P. spadix life history was investigated in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) heartwood at 22±2 °C and 99±1% r.h. Mean adult longevity was 11.5±6.5 months, with mean post-mating longevity for males (11.7±2.9 months) significantly longer than for females (6.3±1.1 months). Adults of at least 2–3 months old were found mating in galleries, which, with observations of the larval tunnel pattern, indicated P. spadix can complete its life cycle without emerging from wood. Five larval instars were identified by measurement of 1722 head capsule widths and application of Dyar's law. Mean development time from 2nd instar to adult emergence was 70.5±6.9 weeks and pupation took 14.6±5.8 days. Development from 2nd instar to reproductive adult took between 17–20 months, with life cycle approximating 24 months at 22±2 °C and 99±1%

Observations on Rate of Growth, Coloration, and the abnormal Six-instar Life-cycle in Locusta migratoria migratorioides, R. &. F.

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. L. Key
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Locusta Migratoria Migratorioides ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Progression Factor

1. All material was reared under constant conditions of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity. Two relative humidities were used—very wet and very dry. In some cases various coloured backgrounds were used. All material was solitaria, and was kept isolated.2. Average weights were calculated from weighings made at all periods within the stadia, and thus represent the weights at the mid-points of the stadia.3. The figures could not be fitted to the theory of a progression factor of 2.4. Females are on the average 50 per cent, heavier than males even in the third instar; the sexes can probably be distinguished in this way much earlier.5. The first three stadia are of about the same length; the fourth is longer, the fifth much longer.6. The percentage rate of growth between the mid-points of successive stadia is of the same order for all pairs, though somewhat lower for the first and last pairs.7. Hoppers kept in a very dry atmosphere are much lighter than those kept wet —proportionally more so in the later than in the earlier instars; on the other hand each stadium is lengthened—proportionally more so in the earlier than in the later stadia; the percentage rate of growth is just half that of hoppers kept wet.8. The findings of Faure in regard to the causes of differences in coloration were fully confirmed.9. The occurrence of a sixth instar in the females is due to an inherited factor.10. This “ extra ” instar may represent an extra morphological third instar or an extra morphological fourth instar.

scholarly journals Studi Biologi Hama Kutu Putih Pepaya Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococadea)

AGRICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Gregorius O Leta ◽  
Yustina Maria Silvia Wonga Puu ◽  
Imaculata Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Average Fecundity ◽  
Average Development

The goal of this research was to understand the biology of P. marginatus, a common pest for papaya plants.  This research used 1 type of treatment which was repeated 10 times. The results of this research were intended to illustrate the average development time of each development phase of P. marginatus.  These phases were: the egg phase (6 days), the female nymph phase (10 days),  the male nymph phase (17 days), female adult stage (11 days), male adult stage (3 days).  On average, the female life cycle was 27 days, and the male life cycle was 26 days.  On average, the pre-fertile stage lasted 4 days, the fertile stage lasted 6 days and the post fertile stage lasted 1 day. On average the pre-egg-laying adult stage lasted 4 days, the egg-laying adult stage lasted 6 days and the post-egg-laying stage lasted 1 day.  After the egg-laying stage, the average fecundity of P. marginatus was 370 eggs per female and from these, a total of 350 offspring were hatched per individual.  The ratio of surviving Descendents to reproductive couples of P. marginatus white lice was 9:1.

The life cycle of the aquatic snipe fly Atherix lantha Webb (Diptera Brachycera; Athericidae) in Quebec

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1530-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lauzon ◽  
P. P. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Antennal Segment ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Constant Growth Rate ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Constant Growth

The aquatic snipe fly Atherix lantha Webb in the rivière de l'Achigan in the Laurentian foothills of Quebec has a univoltine life cycle. The eggs were laid in great clusters under a small footbridge spanning the river and some 61 000 dead females were observed attached to their egg masses. Upon hatching, the hatchlings fell into the water. There were five larval instars. First-instar larvae appeared in June. Growth was rapid and by September most of the population had reached the fourth instar. Overwintering occurred mainly in the fifth and final instar. On the basis of measurements of the second antennal segment of the larvae, it was concluded that growth follows Dyar's law of constant growth rate between instars (growth rate = 1.31), except between the first two instars, where the growth rate was higher (1.41). In May the full-grown larvae left the river to pupate on the banks and adults were on the wing from mid-May to late June.

How long do eriophyoid mites live?

Zoosymposia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBAHAT K. OZMAN-SULLIVAN ◽  
GREGORY T. SULLIVAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Eriophyoid Mites ◽  
Almost All

The eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) are extremely small, highly specialized and obligately phytophagous, and ~ 80% of the ~ 5,000 known species are monophagous. They include pests of more than 50 important food and industrial crops and ornamental plants. Conversely, other species have been investigated for their potential role in the biological control of weeds. In this literature review, the data on the development time, adult longevity and lifespan of eriophyoid species generated in 74 studies from 1930 to 2021 was compiled. The eriophyoids were from three families, Eriophyidae, Diptilomiopidae and Phytoptidae, 24 genera and 47 species that included 43 eriophyids, two phytoptids and two diptilomiopids. The most studied genus was Aceria (13 species), followed by Aculus (4) and Calacarus (3). The host plants were in a range of vegetative forms, including grasses, a climber, shrubs and trees, in different families that included Poaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae. Almost all the investigations were carried out in laboratory settings under numerous combinations of species, gender, diet/host plant, temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod. These variables all affected the development time, adult longevity and lifespan of eriophyoid mites, with temperature consistently a major influence and relative humidity consistently important. Male life stages were always shorter than female life stages. Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) males had the shortest lifespan of 7.1 d at 32 °C on green orange fruit and Aculops lycopersici (Massee) females had the longest lifespan of 46.4 d at 11 °C on young tomato leaves. Biological studies on the duration of their life stages are required to develop models that predict the dynamics of eriophyoid populations in the field to support IPM programs and organic farming. Moreover, these studies are becoming increasingly valuable as globalization and climate change facilitate the spread of invasive eriophyoid mite species.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document