Studies on the biology of the palm aphid, Cerataphis variabilis (Homoptera: Pemphigidae), on Raphia hookeri–1: Developmental period of the immatures, fecundity and longevity of the apterous adults

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Enobakhare
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Raphia Hookeri

AbstractThe biology of the aphid, Cerataphis variabilis H.R.L., on Raphia hookeri Mann & Wendl., was studied in the laboratory and the field using a ‘clip-on’ cage and a sleeve cage. The first instar lasted 5.1 days. The second and third instars each lasted 2.45 days, while the fourth instar lasted 2.4 days. The total developmental period of the nymphs was 11.3 days at 26.4 ± 1.43°C and r.h. 83 ± 1.46%; 11.6 days at 26.4 ± 1.63°C and r.h. 85 ± 1.19%; 12.9 days at 27.9 ± 1.04°C and r.h. 75.5 ± 1.64%; 12.95 days at 27.8 ± 0.33°C and r.h. 69 ± 1.23%; 15 days at 21.4 ± 0.58°C and r.h. 45 ± 1.77%. These periods were significantly different at 5% level (LSD = 0.59 days). The higher the temperature and relative humidity the shorter the developmental period (with temperature: r = −0.69, 20.8–28.9°C; r.h.: r = −0.97, 43.2–86.2%). The number of progeny per adult ranged from 54 to 60 in a period of 28–31 days. The longevity ranged from 31 to 34 days.

scholarly journals The influence of the fasting period on the number of nymphal instars and on the sex ratio of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huarrisson Azevedo Santos ◽  
Isabele da Costa Angelo ◽  
Marcos Pinheiro Franque ◽  
Usha Vashist ◽  
Aline Falqueto Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar

The current study investigated the biology of nymphs of the first and second instars of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Nymphs were deprived of food for 15, 30 or 60 days and held at 27 ± 1 ºC and 80 ± 10% relative humidity (controlled conditions) or at room conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Nymphs of first instar deprived of food for 15 or 30 days molted to second and third instars in both controlled and room conditions. Nymphs of the first instar deprived of food for 60 days had 28 and 37% mortality in controlled and room conditions, respectively; and survivors did not attach to the host. Nymphs of the second instar, deprived of food for 60 days, molted either to the third instar or to males after feeding on Gallus gallus, and the nymphs of the third instar developed to adults (42.42% males and 36.36% females when nymphs were held in controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and 40.54% males and 48.65% females when nymphs were held in room conditions). The remainder of the nymphs molted to the fourth instar and then molted to females. In conclusion, the nymphal starvation period of 60 days determined the number of nymph instars in the life cycle of A. miniatus under the experimental conditions studied.

scholarly journals Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
A.K. Musa ◽  
M.C. Dike
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Trogoderma Granarium ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Khapra Beetle ◽  
Average Fecundity

The life cycle of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on stored groundnut was studied under fluctuating laboratory conditions of 25?5?C and 70?5% relative humidity. There were five larval instars and the total development time from egg to adult ranged from 37 to 40 days with an average of 37.95 days. The duration of each developmental stage was egg: 6.05 days; first instar: 3.8 days; second instar: 4.7 days; third instar: 5.6 days; fourth instar: 6.2 days; fifth instar: 6.8 days and pupa: 4.8 days. Females had an average fecundity of 80.2 eggs. Mean adult longevity was 12.4 days. .

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF BEAN FLOWER THRIPS, Megalurothrips usitatus (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) REARED ON MUNG BEAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Sabera Yasmin ◽  
Mohammed Ali ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Mst. Salma Akter ◽  
Md. Abdul Latif
Keyword(s):  
Mung Bean ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
First Instar

The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus is a major pest of mung bean that causes flower dropping and significant yield loss of the crop. M. usitatus demonstrated to have variable lifespan when reared on different leguminous hosts but on mung bean, an important pulse crop in Bangladesh, is unknown. The experiment was conducted to determine the biological attributes of M. usitatus on mung bean in a climate control chamber at 26 ± 1°C, 75 ± 3% RH, and 16:8 hours L:D in the laboratory. The results revealed that the incubation period, first instar larva, second instar larva, prepupa, and pupal period of M. usitatus were 3.13 ± 0.06, 1.48 ± 0.05, 2.30 ± 0.08, 1.30 ± 0.07, and 2.26 ± 0.13 days, respectively. The combined developmental period from egg to adult was 10.54 ± 0.15 (mean ± SE) days. The larvae of M. usitatus were similar in appearance to the adults, but they lacked wings and were smaller and different in color. The first instar was pale yellow, while the second instar was darker and larger, ranging from deep yellow to orange-red. The wing pads of the prepupae were shorter than that of the pupae. The antennae of the prepupa were straight, but they were bent in the pupa. In the case of pre-adult mortality of M. usitatus, the mortality of the first instar larva was 14.41%, second instar larva 22.77%, prepupa 14.10%, and pupa 65.67%. The pre-adult mortality was 80.51% overall. Adult males had lower longevity (6.42 ± 0.44 days) than females (12.07± 1.56 days). The developmental period of M. usitatus on mung bean indicated the suitability of the leguminous crop as a potential host, as well as the need for information on the pest’s various growth stages in order to design effective management strategies.

scholarly journals Biologi Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) pada tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) di rumah kasa

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Dosma Ulina Simbolon ◽  
Maryani Cyccu Tobing ◽  
Darma Bakti
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
North Sumatra

<p><em>Stenocranus pacificus </em>Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is destructive pest on corn plants in South Lampung and it has been reported to cause corn damages in North Sumatra. The  objective of this research was to study some aspects biology of <em>S. pacificus</em> on corn plants in screenhouse. The research was conducted by observing the biology of <em>S. pacificus</em> that was reared on corn plants in screenhouse.<em> </em>The results showed that life cycle of <em>S. pacificus </em>was 38–47 (41,60 ± 3,19) days: egg was 9–11 (10,20 ± 0,79) days, the first instar nymph was 3–4 (3,70 ± 0,48) days, the second instar nymph was 3–4 (3,90 ± 0,32) days, the third instar nymph was 3–4 (3,70 ± 0,48) days, the fourth instar nymph was 3–4 (3,80 ± 0,42) days, and the fifth instar nymph was 3–4 (3,60 ± 0,52) days. Age of female was 13–17 (15,30 ± 1,34) days. It was longer than age of male which was 8–12 (10,10 ± 1,20) days. Female could produce 181–214 (197,60 ± 11,64) eggs during its life. The sex ratio was 1:1,98.</p>

scholarly journals Water Vapor Pressure Deficit in Portugal and Implications for the Development of the Invasive African Citrus Psyllid Trioza erytreae

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Eduardo Branco Paiva ◽  
Tânia Cota ◽  
Luís Neto ◽  
Celestino Soares ◽  
José Carlos Tomás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Trioza Erytreae ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure Deficit

African citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio)) is a vector insect of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing, the most devastating citrus disease in the world. The insect was found on the island of Madeira in 1994 and in mainland Portugal in 2015. Present in the north and center of the country, it is a threat to Algarve, the main citrus-producing region. Trioza erytreae eggs and first instar nymphs are sensitive to the combination of high temperatures and low relative humidity. Daily maximum air temperature and minimum relative humidity data from 18 weather stations were used to calculate the water vapor pressure deficit (vpd) from 2004 to 2018 at various locations. Based on the mean vpd and the number of unfavorable days (vpd < 34.5 and vpd < 56 mbar) of two time periods (February to May and June to September), less favorable zones for T. erytreae were identified. The zones with thermal and water conditions like those observed in the Castelo Branco and Portalegre (Center), Beja (Alentejo), Alte, and Norinha (Algarve) stations showed climatic restrictions to the development of eggs and first instar nymphs of African citrus psyllid. Effective control measures, such as the introduction and mass release of Tamarixia dryi (Waterson), a specific parasitoid, and chemical control are necessary in favorable periods for T. erytreae development, such as in spring and in areas with limited or no climate restrictions.

The Bionomics of an African Megarhinus (Dipt., Culicidae) and its possible use in Biological Control

1951 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Muspratt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Annual Range

Living specimens of Megarhinus brevipalpis were transported from southern Natal to Johannesburg to establish an insectary-bred colony. The natural habitat of these predatory mosquitos consisted of small isolated patches of sub-tropical forest, in which the rainfall is 40–50 ins. (102–127 cm.) with a mean winter temperature of 64°F. (17·7°C.) and an annual range of 27°–33°F. (15°–18°C). The breeding places were leaf axils of Strelitzia nicolai (a plant resembling a wild banana), small rot holes in trees and larger ones in Strelitzia stumps. The larvae were collected from leaf axils with an apparatus consisting of a rubber bulb to which were attached lengths of glass and rubber tubing.The insectary was a room 9 ft.×8 ft. 6 ins. and 9 ft. high which was kept at tropical heat and humidity. Mating of the adults was observed, copulation being effected while at rest or in flight. Oviposition was usually accomplished in flight but also while at rest on the surface of the water. In the summer time two females, which were tested, laid about 85 eggs each during the month following emergence from the pupa, six or seven days elapsing after emergence before the first oviposition. In the middle of the winter, oviposition (with later generations) became very irregular in spite of the temperature and humidity remaining constant. The adults, which were comparable to those of the natural habitat, were fed on sugar solution, honey and fruit juice. One bred out as a gynandromorph.When given an abundant supply of larvae of laboratory bred Aëdes aegypti, the life-cycle of M. brevipalpis was normally : egg (incubation), less than two days ; larva, 11–20 days (average 14·5 days) ; pupa, five days. This does not include a small number of exceptional cases in which the life as a fully grown larva was abnormally prolonged (in one case nearly four months) for reasons which are not absolutely clear. The larvae killed from 100 to 200 or more Aëdes larvae during the normal larval life, but many of these were not eaten when the brevipalpis were in the late fourth instar. By a special technique they were also induced to eat dead tissues including minced pork brawn, minced maggots and minced flies. Except for the latter these were not satisfactory foods although there was slow development.Fourth-instar larvae were kept out of water for three to four weeks (without food), in a damp atmosphere, and afterwards when fed most of them developed normally, but pupation was sometimes suspended for a considerable time. They have been sent by post (out of water) in tubes with damp cotton wool and filter paper.The egg differed from that of other Megarhinus species in having a crown of projections at one end with a cup-like structure in the centre. The exochorion had roughly hexagonal cells but without numerous tubercles as in other species.First-instar larvae remained in the egg-shell after hatching when the eggs-were out of water but on a damp surface and in a saturated atmosphere. They survived like this for up to six days or about the same time as the larvae survived in tap water if there was no food. When liberated in water the head of the first-instar larva was comparatively small with the mouth parts folded in. Within two hours of liberation in water the head enlarged considerably and the mouth parts came into position ; the larva was then ready to catch its Culicine prey. When in water containing dead leaves, these larvae survived from a few days to over four weeks and some grew to the third instar without any Culicine food.Cannibalism was investigated. Fourth-instar larvae did not attack each other readily ; they devoured smaller larvae of their own species and small to medium size larvae resorted to cannibalism, particularly in the absence of Culicine prey. There was evidence that fourth-instar Aëdes aegypti occasionally ate first-instar Megarhinus.The discussion traces attempts which have been made in certain Pacific islands, notably Hawaii and Fiji, to use Megarhines for biological control of disease-carrying mosquitos. M. brevipalpis has a shorter life-cycle than the species introduced into these islands and the conclusion reached is that laboratory breeding, to enable large numbers to be released in certain areas, would be a suitable adjunct to a programme of general control, in this part of the world. Airmail consignments of larvae are being sent to Hawaii with the object of starting a laboratory colony there.

scholarly journals Biology and Predation of Stethorus punctillum Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Tetranychus urticae Koch

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Biswas ◽  
W Islam ◽  
MM Haque
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Fourth Instar Larva ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Stethorus Punctillum

The duration of hatching, larval instars and pupal stages of Stethorus punctillum feeding on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae were investigated in different seasons under laboratory conditions. The highest values of different developmental stages were obtained during winter. Higher temperature significantly reduced the duration of different developmental stages. No significant effect of relative humidity was exerted on the development stages of S. punctillum. The predation rate of fourth instar larva of S. punctillum was the highest whereas the first instar larva consumed the lowest number of prey. The fourth instar larva of the predator consumed 135.8 eggs, 126.4 larvae, 96.6 nymphs and 72.8 adults per day separately. But the first instar consumed 41.6 eggs, 36.2 larvae, 26.8 nymphs and 16.8 adults during the same period. Keywords: Developmental durations, predation, Tetranychus urticae, Stethorus punctillum   doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2196 J. bio-sci. 15: 1-5, 2007

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): A MODEL FOR AGE SPECIFIC MORTALITY

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Helgesen ◽  
Dean L. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Cereal Leaf Beetle ◽  
Density Dependent Mortality ◽  
Oulema Melanopus ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Dependent Mortality

AbstractThe cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), has rapidly increased its numbers and range since it was discovered in Michigan in 1962. We have shown in this report that intraspecific density-dependent mortality is the major constraint on survivorship. We have attempted to quantify survival within a generation from the egg stage to the adult.Larval mortality varies among populations. Density-dependent mortality, caused by intraspecific competition, accounts for most of the variation of within-generation survival of the cereal leaf beetle in wheat and oats. Mortality in the first instar on oats and the fourth instar on wheat and oats is a linear function of the logarithm of total egg density. Establishment of the first instar on oats appears to become more difficult as density increases because leaf surface disturbance and interference with larger larva increases. Competition for food accounts for the increase in mortality of the fourth instar in both wheat and oats as density increases. Egg survival, survival of the first instar on wheat and in the second, third, and pupal stage in both crops are constants with respect to density. These constants can be expected to change with respect to other environmental parameters however, e.g. host variety, planting date, rainfall, etc.

ASSOCIATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI AND YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOPMENT IN LODGEPOLE PINE

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Pupal Chamber

AbstractThe physical association between Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. and its associated blue stain fungi Ceratocystis montia Rumb. and Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson and the yeasts Pichia pini (Holst) Phaff, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and H. holstii Wickerham is described in single broods reared in bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Eggs just prior to hatch and first-instar larvae were always in contact with the microorganisms whereas newly laid eggs, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were not. During pupation, blue stain fungi and yeasts colonized pupal chamber walls. Transfer of these microorganisms to the new generation of insects was ensured when tenerals contacted the microorganisms lining the pupal chamber. Ensured physical contact between these organisms supports the hypothesis of a symbiosis between them.

Growth and development of larvae and adults of Tipula sacra Alexander (Insecta: Diptera) in a series of abandoned beaver ponds

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Beaver Ponds ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Two Peaks

Collections of all stages of the crane fly, Tipula sacra have been made over a period of years from a series of abandoned beaver ponds in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta. The growth of larvae was followed by head-capsule measurements and weights. Eggs hatch within a month; first-instar larvae grow rapidly and enter the second instar after a few weeks. The second instar may last for 3 months and the third instar usually lasts for 6 months, including the first winter. Most larvae spend almost a full year in the fourth instar and overwinter for a second time. However, there was much variation in growth rate within the population. Adult emergence curves were consistent in form in 4 years. Each spanned a period of just over 2 months, although individual adults lived for only a few days. These curves snowed two peaks, the second of which contained 15–20% of the year's emergents. These two groups may represent different cohorts that have grown at different rates, suggesting that the life history may be semivoltine or univoltine. The sex ratio changes from about 1:1 in the third instar to 2:1 in favor of males in the late fourth instar, pupa, and adult.

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