scholarly journals Expression of somatostatine in ischemia of rat brain

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 476-482
Author(s):  
Sinisa Babovic ◽  
Biljana Srdic-Galic ◽  
Branislava Soldatovic-Stajic ◽  
Mina Cvjetkovic-Bosnjak ◽  
Bojana Krstonosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
Bipolar Type ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. This study used the immunohistochemical method to follow the expression of cytoplasmatic protein somatostanin in the course of ischemia of rat brain. The aim of the study was to define all the areas of expression of somatostain and to show the protein distribution on the map. Material and Methods. All the sections of telencephalon, diencephalon and midbrain were studied in resistant, and transitory ischemia, which enabled us to observe the reaction of neurons to an ischemic attack or to repeated attacks. Results and Discussion. The results of this study show that there is a difference in the reaction between the resistant and transitory ischemia groups of rats, especially in the parietofrontal cortex, area amygdaloidea anterior, clastrum, nc. reuniens and nc. suprachiasmaticus. The mapping shows the reaction in the structures of motor, sensitive and sensory cortex, mostly in the laminae II/III and V/VI, hippocampus - gyrus dentatus and CA1, CA2, CA3, endopiriform nucleus, paraventricular and periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, corpus amygdaloideum, claustrum and caudoputamen. The more primitive sections of the brain - rhinencephalon, also showed a reaction, which led us to conclude that both newer and older brain structures reacted immunohistochemically. Histological data showed that small neurons are most commonly found while the second most common are big pyramidal cells of multipolar and bipolar type, with the different body shape. Conclusion. Our findings have confirmed the results of rare studies that dealt with these issues, and offered a precise and detailed map of cells expressing somatostanin in the rat brain following ischemic attack.

scholarly journals Expression of neuropeptide Y in rat brain ischemia

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 361-366
Author(s):  
Sinisa Babovic ◽  
Biljana Srdic-Galic ◽  
Branislava Soldatovic-Stajic ◽  
Mina Cvjetkovic-Bosnjak ◽  
Bojana Krstonosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
Ischemic Attack

Introduction. The immunohistochemical method was used to follow the expression of neuropeptide Y in the course of pre ischemia of the rat brain. The aim of the study was to define all the areas of expression of this protein, show their localization, their map of distribution and histological types. Material and Methods. All the sections of telencephalon, diencephalon and midbrain were studied in resistant, and transitory ischemia, which enabled us to observe the reaction of neurons to an ischemic attack or to repeated attacks. The mapping was done for all three proteins by introducing our results into the maps of rat brain atlas, George Paxinos, Charles Watson. Photographing and protein expression was done using Analysis program. Results. The results of this research show that there is a differens in reaction between the resistant and transitory ischemia groups of rats, especially in the caudoputamen, gyrus dentatus, corpus amygdaloideum, particularly in the medial nucleus. The mapping shows the reaction in caudoputamen, gyrusdentatus, corpus amygdaloideum - especially in the central nucleus, then in the sensitive and secondary auditory cortex, mostly in the laminae V/VI, but less in neuron groups CA1, CA2, CA3 of hippocampus. Discussion. The phylogenetically older parts of the brain-rhinencephalon, also showed reaction, which lead us to conclude that both newer and older brain structures reacted immunohistochemically. Histological data have shown that small neurons are most commonly found while the second most common ones are big pyramidal cells of multipolar and bipolar type, with a different body shape. Conclusion. Our findings have confirmed the results obtained in some rare studies dealing with this issue, and offered a precise and detailed map of cells expressing neuropeptide Y in the rat brain following ischemic attack.

scholarly journals C-fos protein expression in the anterior amygdaloid area and nc. accumbens in the hypoxic rat brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinisa Babovic ◽  
Sonja Zigic ◽  
Branislav Sakic
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Total Ischemia ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. By examining the production of c-Fos protein, we analyzed the response to the ischemic attack in different brain tissue, two of which are regions of the limbic system: the anterior amygdaloid area and nc. accumbens. Material and Methods. We used the model of rat brain ischemia - four-vessel occlusion, and Pulsinelli?s method. The rats were treated in two ways, according to which they were divided into two groups: a total ischemia (ligation of four blood vessels, i.e. electrocauterization of the vertebral artery with bilateral ligation of the carotid artery - the so-called R-group rats), and transient ischemic attack (ligation of four blood vessels, i.e. electrocauterization of the vertebral artery, with mutual re-ligation of the carotid arteries in the form of transient ischemia - the so-called T-group rats, which can also be called ?pre-conditioned group?). Both groups had their own control group. Conclusion. We have concluded that parts of the brain with an important role for the survival have a strong expression of c-fos gene.

scholarly journals Long-Term Social Isolation Reduces Expression of the BDNF Precursor and Prolyl Endopeptidase in the Rat Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 704-715
Author(s):  
Sofie D. Shirenova ◽  
Nadezhda N. Khlebnikova ◽  
Nataliya A. Krupina
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Cognitive Impairments ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Prolyl Endopeptidase ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Early-life stress is a risk factor for the development of behavioral and cognitive disorders in humans and animals. Such stressful situations include social isolation in early postnatal ontogenesis. Behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with neuroplastic changes in brain structures. We have found that after ten weeks of social isolation, male Wistar rats show behavioral abnormalities and cognitive deficit, accompanied by an increase in the relative expression of gene encoding serine protease prolyl endopeptidase (PREP, EC 3.4.21.26) in the brain frontal cortex. The present study aimed to assess synaptophysin (SYP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF), and PREP expression using Western blot in the brain structures – the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum of the rats subjected to prolonged social isolation compared with group-housed animals. Twenty Wistar rats were used for this study (10 males and 10 females). Experimental animals (5 males and 5 females) were kept one per cage for nine months, starting from the age of one month. Ten-month-old socially isolated rats showed memory deficit in passive avoidance paradigm and Morris Water Maze and reactivity to novelty reduction. We used monoclonal antibodies for the Western blot analysis of the expression of SYP, proBDNF, and PREP in the rat brain structures. Social isolation caused a proBDNF expression reduction in the frontal cortex in females and a reduction in PREP expression in the striatum in males. These data suppose that neurotrophic factors and PREP are involved in the mechanisms of behavioral and cognitive impairments observed in the rats subjected to prolonged social isolation with an early life onset.

scholarly journals ATP synthase in rat brain neurons

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Elizaveta V. Uzlova ◽  
Siarhei M. Zimatkin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
White Male ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Mitochondrial Atp Synthase

Mitochondrial ATP synthase is the main enzyme of ATP synthesis. A large number of diseases, including neurodegenerative ones, are associated with disorders of its assembly and functioning. The aim of the work is to reveal the patterns and features of the regional distribution of ATP synthase in the neurons of the rat brain structures, with a quantitative assessment of its content at the cellular level. The study was carried out on material from 5 outbred white male rats. Paraffin sections were stained by the Nissl method to identify structures of the brain and cervical segments of the spinal cord, and for ATP synthase by immunohistochemical method; 102 structures of the rat brain were studied cytophotometrically. Immunoreactivity of ATP synthase was found in all structures of the rat brain with high heterogeneity, while most structures are characterised with a moderate content of ATP synthase. A high content of ATP synthase was found in large neurons and in neurons of structures of phylogenetically older brain divisions. The content of ATP synthase also depends on the layer of the cortex and the position of neurons in the reflex arc. In the spinal cord the content of ATP synthase depends not only on the size of neurons, but also on the gray matter layer.

HMGB1gene expression changes in the striatum and amigdal of the rat's brain under alcoholization and ethanol withdrawal

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
M.I. Airapetov ◽  
S.O. Eresko ◽  
E.R. Bychkov ◽  
A.A. Lebedev ◽  
P.D. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Ethanol Withdrawal ◽  
Hmgb1 Protein ◽  
Neuroimmune System ◽  
The Brain

Intracellular signaling mediated by the HMGB1 protein, an agonist of TLRs, is considered as a possible target for the correction of pathologies of the neuroimmune system, however, the expression level of the Hmgb1 gene has not been previously studied in various brain structures of rats exposed to prolonged alcoholization followed by ethanol withdrawal. The study showed that long-term use of ethanol caused to an increase in the level of Hmgb1 mRNA in the striatum of rat brain. Alcohol withdrawal changed the level Hmgb1 mRNA in the striatum and amygdala on the 1st and 14th day. The data obtained may indicate that in different structures of the brain there are multidirectional changes in the molecular mechanisms of the neuroimmune response with prolonged use of ethanol and its withdrawal.

scholarly journals Expression of Toll-like receptors in emotiogenic structures of rat brain is changed under longterm alcohol consumption and ethanol withdrawal

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Airapetov ◽  
S. O. Eresko ◽  
E. R. Bychkov ◽  
A. A. Lebedev ◽  
P. D. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Ethanol Consumption ◽  
Ethanol Withdrawal ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Tlr3 Mrna ◽  
The Brain

Recent studies have provided strong evidence that long-term ethanol consumption leads to activation the mechanisms of neuroimmune signaling. Recently, much attention has been focused on the study of toll-like receptors (Toll-like receptors, TLRs), which play one of the key roles in the mechanisms of activation of the innate immune system in brain structures subsequently ethanol consumption. It is known that the activation of TLRs leads to the release of many proinflammatory cytokines with the resulting neuroinflammatory process. There are suggestions that TLRs may also be involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter systems of the brain, thereby contributing to the formation of pathological dependence on ethanol. The goal of our work was to study the level of expression the genes of TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7) and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1β, CCL2) in the rat brain (amygdala, hippocampus, medial entorhinal cortex, striatum) under conditions of prolonged alcoholization and on different periods of alcohol withdrawal, which was previously not studied by researchers. Prolonged alcoholization of rats with ethanol did not lead to changes in levels mRNA of TLRs in the studied structures of the rat brain, with the exception of a small increase in the level of TLR3 mRNA in the hippocampus of prolonged alcoholized rats and a slight increase in the level of TLR3 mRNA in mEC. However, gene expression of TLRs undergoes changes in all the structures of the rat brain studied by us at different periods of alcohol withdrawal. The increased level of expression of both TLRs and proinflammatory genes in the period of alcohol withdrawal in the rat brain hippocampus deserves special attention, which indicates the presence of a persistent neuroinflammatory process in this brain structure in the period of alcohol withdrawal, which is probably supported with the participation of TLR-dependent signaling. The study of the mechanisms of inflammatory process activation by TLR-dependent signaling in different brain structures can open new targets for drug exposure. Such drugs can be used in the treatment of alcoholism.

Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Clozapine in Rat Brain Tissue, Using its Molecularly Imprinted Polymer after Administration of Toxic Dose of Drug and Lipid Emulsion Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-257
Author(s):  
Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani ◽  
Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri ◽  
Mohammad Moshiri ◽  
Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Imprinted Polymer ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rat Brain Tissue

Background:Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymers that have a selective site for a given analyte, or a group of structurally related compounds, that make them ideal polymers to be used in separation processes.Objective:An optimized molecularly imprinted polymer was selected and applied for selective extraction and analysis of clozapine in rat brain tissue.Methods:A molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method was developed for preconcentration and cleanup of clozapine in rat brain samples before HPLC-UV analysis. The extraction and analytical process was calibrated in the range of 0.025-100 ppm. Clozapine recovery in this MISPE process was calculated between 99.40 and 102.96%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the assay were 0.003 and 0.025 ppm, respectively. Intra-day precision values for clozapine concentrations of 0.125 and 0.025 ppm were 5.30 and 3.55%, whereas inter-day precision values of these concentrations were 9.23 and 6.15%, respectively. In this study, the effect of lipid emulsion infusion in reducing the brain concentration of drug was also evaluated.Results:The data indicated that calibrated method was successfully applied for the analysis of clozapine in the real rat brain samples after administration of a toxic dose to animal. Finally, the efficacy of lipid emulsion therapy in reducing the brain tissue concentration of clozapine after toxic administration of drug was determined.Conclusion:The proposed MISPE method could be applied in the extraction and preconcentration before HPLC-UV analysis of clozapine in rat brain tissue.

Effect of Prenatal Hypoxia on Activity of the Soluble Forms of Cholinesterases in Rat Brain Structures during Early Postnatal Ontogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-540
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Morozova ◽  
A. V. Arutyunyan ◽  
P. Yu. Morozova ◽  
L. S. Kozina ◽  
I. A. Zhuravin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Prenatal Hypoxia ◽  
Postnatal Ontogenesis ◽  
Early Postnatal Ontogenesis

scholarly journals A Simple Method to Avoid Brain Shift during Neuronavigation: Technical Note

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Leopoldo Raso
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Brain Shift ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Neuronavigation System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Introduction The precise identification of anatomical structures and lesions in the brain is the main objective of neuronavigation systems. Brain shift, displacement of the brain after opening the cisterns and draining cerebrospinal fluid, is one of the limitations of such systems. Objective To describe a simple method to avoid brain shift in craniotomies for subcortical lesions. Method We used the surgical technique hereby described in five patients with subcortical neoplasms. We performed the neuronavigation-guided craniotomies with the conventional technique. After opening the dura and exposing the cortical surface, we placed two or three arachnoid anchoring sutures to the dura mater, close to the edges of the exposed cortical surface. We placed these anchoring sutures under microscopy, using a 6–0 mononylon wire. With this technique, the cortex surface was kept close to the dura mater, minimizing its displacement during the approach to the subcortical lesion. In these five cases we operated, the cortical surface remained close to the dura, anchored by the arachnoid sutures. All the lesions were located with a good correlation between the handpiece tip inserted in the desired brain area and the display on the navigation system. Conclusion Arachnoid anchoring sutures to the dura mater on the edges of the cortex area exposed by craniotomy constitute a simple method to minimize brain displacement (brain-shift) in craniotomies for subcortical injuries, optimizing the use of the neuronavigation system.

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