Characterization of LC sensor structures realized by PCB and LTCC technology for determining moisture in building materials

This paper compares performances of two wireless sensors for measuring water concentration in building materials, one manufactured by the printed circuit board (PCB) technology and another one using the low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) process. The fabricated sensors consist of inductive part (L) and interdigitated capacitive part (C) in one metal layer, connected in parallel. Inductance of inductive part was kept constant, whereas capacitance of capacitive part was changed by exposing the sensor to different moisture concentration, changing its resonant frequency. The variation of resonant frequency as a function of different water concentration was measured, using antenna coil and impedance analyser, in two widely used construction materials: clay brick and autoclaved aerated concrete block. Surface analysis for two sensors was performed by means of 3D profilometer. Mechanical properties of the sensors were measured for both conductive segments (copper and silver) and substrates materials (PCB and ceramics substrates) using nanoindenter. Comparative characteristics of the sensors are presented from their application point of view.

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Environmental Analysis of Construction Materials

Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering - Green Building Management and Smart Automation ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-9754-4.ch004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 90-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aysem Berrin Cakmakli

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Sustainable Design ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Living Environment ◽

Point Of View ◽

Synthetic Materials ◽

Environmental Product Declarations ◽

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Construction Activity ◽

Combustion Pollutants

There is a growing universal awareness of protecting the living and non-living environment and making enlightened decisions to achieve a sustainable development without destruction of the natural resources. In this point of view, selecting building materials according to their energy and health performances gains importance in sustainable design. 3Rs (reducing, reusing, recycling), and supplying a healthy, non-hazardous indoor air for building occupants are two important parameters of environmental life-cycle assessment for materials. Information on exposure to gases and vapors from synthetic materials made from petrochemicals, to heavy metals and pesticides, and to some combustion pollutants that cause acid rain should be determined by analyzing environmental product declarations or material specifications. After studying on building materials individually, they are analyzed in the form of tables for four different stages; manufacturing, application, usage, demolition phase. Consequently, this chapter can guide the designer and engineer to think on the elements of design and construction activity.

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A Novel Method for nZEB Internal Coverings Design Based on Neural Networks

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings9050288 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 288 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José A. Orosa ◽

Diego Vergara ◽

Ángel M. Costa ◽

Rebeca Bouzón

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

International Energy Agency ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Real Data ◽

Point Of View ◽

Building Construction ◽

Sampled Data ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Vapour Permeability ◽

Weather Changes

Research from the International Energy Agency about indoor ambiences and nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) in the past has been centred on different aspects such as the prediction of indoor conditions as a function of the weather using laboratory material properties for simulations and real sampled data for validation. Thus, it is possible to use real data for defining behavioural groups of indoor ambiences as a function of real vapour permeability of internal coverings. However, this method is not suitable for modelling it and predicting its behaviour under weather changes, which is of interest to improve the method of selection and use of building construction materials. In this research, artificial intelligence procedures were employed as the first model of permeable coverings material behaviour to provide a newer understanding of building materials and applications for the generation of new control procedures between the mechanical and electronic point of view of building construction materials.

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Geo-Environmental investigation of Sahure pyramid complex, Abusir Archeological site, Giza, Egypt

10.21203/rs.3.rs-282899/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdelrhman Muhamed Fahmy Sayed Ahmed ◽

Fatma Muhamed Helmy

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Field Studies ◽

Point Of View ◽

Western Side ◽

The Impact ◽

Archeological Site ◽

Engineering Stability

Abstract Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area, dotted with 19 pyramids other temples, stretching on the western side of the Nile from the south of the Giza Plateau to the northern rim of Saqqara. It seems to have been created as the resting site for the Pharaos dated from 2494 to 2345 BC. The name Abusir, originally spoken as Busiri, means” temple of Osiris”. Over time, the name has become so popular, that more than 60 villages now carry this name. But only one is the archaeological site. This paper does not refer to all of the Abusir archaeological area, but focuses one of its most important sites: Sahure pyramid, one of Egypt’s little known, but heavily damaged treasure. One of the highlights of the relevant research is the discovery of a piece of cement (Basaltic mortar/concrete), which consists of several materials and which is harder than any cement produced today and detection of a clear and significant Anorthite mineral (Plagioclase) in the mortar sample which had been proven by XRD, XRF (analysis) and Polarized light microscope (investigation). The main objectives of this paper are 1) to reveal and identify the construction materials of the pyramid and the construction of the pyramid,2) to evaluate the durability and vulnerability of the Ancient construction materials of Sahure pyramid,3) to compare the decayed patterns of the different construction materials, 4) to study the pyramid building materials from geological, meteorological, geochemical, petrological and petrophysical point of view, and 5) to present a proposal for scientific conservation and protection of the pyramid. Laboratories and field studies have been carried out by researchers from various countries to investigate and understand the problems of the pyramid leading to the final results which confirmed the impact of the geo environment conditions on the structural and engineering stability of the pyramid.

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Characterization of clay deposits in the Adrar region, with a view to their valorization in the building materials industry

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201814901079 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 149 ◽

pp. 01079

Author(s):

Abbou Mohammed ◽

Moulay Omar Hassan ◽

Semcha Abdélaziz ◽

Kazi-Aoual Fatiha

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Building Materials ◽

Local Development ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Sedimentary Basins ◽

Point Of View ◽

Clay Deposits ◽

Algerian Sahara ◽

Local Materials

In the context of sustainable local development of the Adrar region, one of the largest regions in the Algerian Sahara. The search for local useful substances has been initiated by the Algerian state to cover the need for building materials in the construction industry. However, from a geological point of view, the Adrar zone is located in the extension of the primary chain of the Ougarta which separates two sedimentary basins of Reggane and Timimoun, as well as the basin of Sbâa. In this context, an experimental study is focused on the characterization of clay deposits, with a view to their valorization in the construction materials industry (ceramics) sector, with the aim of contributing to the use of local materials.

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Innovative Panel Plating for Heterogeneous Integration

International Symposium on Microelectronics ◽

10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000211 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

pp. 000211-000215

Author(s):

Richard Boulanger ◽

Jon Hander ◽

Robert Moon

Keyword(s):

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Metal Layer ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Heterogeneous Integration ◽

Thickness Uniformity ◽

Acid Bath ◽

The Individual ◽

Electroplating Process ◽

Bulk Processing ◽

Better Than

Abstract Panel plating requirements are much more demanding as more applications migrate from silicon to panel assembly such as Panel Level Fan Out (PLFO) to leverage the large sizes of the panels. More recently, Heterogeneous Integration (HI) like Intel's Embedded Bridge (EMIB) or various other embedded die concepts are also pushing the boundary for typical panel structures. Line widths and spaces less than 10 Microns, thickness uniformity better than 10%, via topology free of voids and the same height as the redistribution lines are critical. Traditional Panel plating tools are mostly for bulk processing and are not designed to handle these additional requirements. A new tool was required to overcome these challenges. An electroplating process with a single panel per reservoir approach is used. An overhead transporter brings the individual panels that have been pre-loaded in a rigid panel holder designed to handle large currents as well as reduce the warpage to a series of plating reservoirs as well as pre and post processing steps with the tool. The first process is to reduce voiding by removing all air in a vacuum chamber and then inserting degassed water in the same chamber to “prewet” the panel. Panels are then typically immersed in an acid bath known as an activation step before processing in the plating cells. The plating cells are customized for each metal layer but often include a fine alignment feature, a current uniformity optimizing shield, multiple anode channels for dynamic uniformity along with an agitation mechanism to produce a uniform thin boundary layer at the panel surface. This whole mechanism needs to be very close to the panel, yet still allow some warpage typically associated with panel manufacturing. This paper will demonstrate that it is possible to achieve better line density, bump thickness uniformity and void free vias to allow semiconductor like assembly for Heterogeneous Integration on a standard Printed Circuit Board (PCB) instead of more expensive semi additive processes or silicon interposers

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Evaluation of Building Materials Based on Sustainable Development Indicators

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v10n4p143 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

Mona Baglou ◽

Parviz Ghoddousi ◽

Mohsen Saeedi

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Concrete Block ◽

Sustainable Construction ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Development Indicators ◽

Sustainable Development Indicators ◽

Sustainable Materials ◽

The Impact

Construction industry regarded as one of the key aspects of achieving the goals of sustainable development in communities. In this regard, the choice of building materials is one of the key challenges in order to improve project performance with respect to sustainable development indicators and the use of sustainable materials, is an effective step towards achieving sustainable construction. This research uses information and evidence, interview and questionnaire prepared (by five points Likert scale method). Also, it has provided expert opinions related indicators widely used in a construction materials, manufacturing process and defining the impact of the production of these materials on sustainable development deals. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were also performed (with Cronbach's alpha method). As a result of this research, Cement was identified as the most unsustainable material, after that Steel and then Brick and Glass were located with a wide margin. So Light concrete block, Gypsum, Stone, Lime, and Concrete were identified as the most sustainable materials according to existing indicators respectively. The consequences of this study can help the project executors in order to promote the use of sustainable building materials in construction and also industries will be aware of the impact of the sustainability indicators on their products.

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Effect of Particle Size on the Extraction of Metallic Components from Oxidized PCB in High Frequency Induction Furnace

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.317 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 486-487 ◽

pp. 317-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jae Chun Lee ◽

Jin Ki Jeong ◽

Eui-Hyuk Kwon ◽

Sung Hwan Jang ◽

Jeong Whan Han

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Induction Furnace ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Slag System ◽

Point Of View ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Plastic Materials ◽

High Frequency Induction Furnace ◽

High Frequency Induction

It is generally well known that PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is a complex mixture of various metals mixed with various types of plastics and ceramics. Accordingly, it is very important to extract metallic components from used PCB’s from the point of view of recycling the used resources as well as the environmental protection. In this study, a high temperature pyro-metallurgical process was investigated to extract valuable metallic components from the used PCB’s. For this purpose, used PCB’s were shredded and oxidized to remove plastic materials, and then, a high frequency induction furnace was used to melt and separate metallic components in molten state from the remaining oxides. After the oxidation of the used PCB, 30.6wt% SiO2, 19.3wt% Al2O3 and 14wt% CaO were analyzed as major oxides, and thereafter, a typical composition of 32wt%SiO2-20wt%Al2O3-38wt%CaO -10wt%MgO was chosen as a basic slag system for the separation of metallic components Moreover, in order to understand the size effect on the extraction of metallic components, oxidized PCB’s were further milled, and then, melted. As a result, it was found that the size of oxidized PCB’s was needed to be less 0.9mm to make a homogeneous liquid slag and to recycle metallic components over 95%.

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Small Split-Ring Resonators as Efficient Antennas for Remote LoRa IOT Systems—A Path to Reduce Physical Interference

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21237779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (23) ◽

pp. 7779

Author(s):

Cameron Rohan ◽

Jacques Audet ◽

Adrian Keating

Keyword(s):

Resonant Frequency ◽

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Input Resistance ◽

Physical Models ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Ring Resonators ◽

Planar Antenna ◽

Split Ring ◽

Target Values ◽

The Impact

While wireless IOT modules can be made extremely compact, antennas typically protrude from the module, providing the potential to catch near moving/rotating equipment or transfer loads to the PCB through end forces, which can lead to failures. This work explores the use of split-ring resonator (SRR) designs to achieve a planar antenna with a maximum dimension less than a monopole working at the same frequency. The very narrow bandwidth of the SRR required detailed physical models to create printed circuit board (PCB)-based antenna designs that could be used at LoRa frequencies of 433 MHz and 915 MHz. Uncertainty analysis allowed for the impact of geometrical and physical tolerances on the resonant frequency to be evaluated. Nearfield and farfield measurements were performed allowing for the resonant frequency, directionality, and range of the antenna to be evaluated. An unbalanced SMA port was added to the SRR design to allow for the use of a network vector analyser to determine the input impedance of various designs. The optimum design achieved an input resistance of 44 Ω at a resonant frequency of 919 MHz, close to the target values (50 Ω at 915 MHz). Field measurements of the received signal strength from a planar antenna design indicated a gain of 5 dB over a conventional quarter-wave monopole antenna, in a footprint that was 40% smaller than the monopole.

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Energy efficiency in the building materials industry. Case study: Brick manufacturing in Romania

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202128602006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 286 ◽

pp. 02006

Author(s):

Cristian Gheorghiu ◽

Mircea Scripcariu ◽

Miruna Gheorghiu ◽

Alexandra Gabriela Dobrica

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Performance Improvement ◽

Reference Values ◽

Performance Indicators ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Point Of View ◽

Manufacturing Industries

In this paper an overview of the construction materials industry, from an embedded energy point of view will be presented. A case study for four brick factories in Romania will also analyzed. The Energy Performance Indicators (EnPI) of each factory will be evaluated and compared with the global reference values and the most technically and economically feasible Energy Performance Improvement Actions (EPIAs) will be presented. The replicability of these EPIA’s in different materials manufacturing industries will be also analyzed.

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