scholarly journals Processing of verb tense

Psihologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kostic ◽  
Jelena Havelka
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Average Probability ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Verb Tense

Processing of Serbian inflected verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. In the first experiment subjects were presented with five forms of future tense, while in the second experiment the same verbs were presented in three forms of present and future tense. The outcome of the first experiment indicates that processing of inflected verb is determined by the amount of information derived from the average probability per congruent personal pronoun of a particular verb form. This implies that the cognitive system is not sensitive to verb person per se, nor to the gender of congruent personal pronoun. Results of the second experiment show that for verb forms of different tenses, presented in the same experiment, the amount of information has to be additionally modulated by tense probability. Such an outcome speaks in favor of cognitive relevance of verb tense.

scholarly journals The effect of polysemy on processing of Serbian nouns

Psihologija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusica Filipovic-Djurdjevic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Polysemous Words ◽  
Word Senses

It has been shown that while multiple unrelated meanings of a word (e.g. bank) increase processing latency, polysemy, that is multiple related word senses (e.g. paper) produce faster responses (Rodd, Gaskell & Marslen-Wilson, 2002; Klepousniotou, 2002). The goal of this study was to explore the effect of polysemy on word processing in Serbian. The outcomes of three lexical decision experiments have shown that polysemous words are processed faster. In addition, lemma frequency and number of related senses did not interact. Finally, a measure that combines lemma frequency and number of related senses into a single metric is proposed. This measure is information residual, initially applied on derivational morphology (Moscoso del Prado Mart?n, Kostic & Baayen, 2004). In this study the information residual is a difference between the amount of information (bit) derived from lemma frequency and the entropy of a polysemic cluster. Since relative frequencies of different word senses of a given word in Serbian are currently not available, maximum entropy (log N) was used as an approximation. The outcome of this study indicates that cognitive system is sensitive not only to the entropy of derivational clusters, but polysemic clusters as well.

scholarly journals Processing of inflected adjectives

Psihologija ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-378
Author(s):  
Dusica Filipovic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Processing of inflected Serbian verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. Specifically, the following issues were addressed: a. does the adjectival system contain syntactic functions and meanings, and b. are adjectival gender and case cognitively relevant properties. Each of the above issues could be expressed in terms of alternative equations that generate the amount of information carried by inflected form of an adjective. The informational values were correlated with mean reaction time to inflected adjectival forms. The outcome of the two experiments indicated that number of syntactic functions/meanings is the obligatory term in the equation that generates the amount of information carried by an adjectival inflected form. However, unlike nouns, where the amount information was specified in terms of ratio between a. sum of frequencies of inflected cases encompassed by a given inflected form and b. sum of its functions/ meanings, equation for adjectives includes sum of frequency by number of syntactic functions/meanings ratios for cases encompassed by a given inflected adjectival form. This, on the other hand, suggests that cognitive system when processing inflected adjectives is to some extent sensitive to adjectival case. It was also demonstrated that cognitive system is not sensitive to adjective gender.

scholarly journals Processing differences between prepositions and nouns

Psihologija ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-394
Author(s):  
Vesna Radojcic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Equivalent Length ◽  
Latency Variability ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Citation Form ◽  
Processing Differences

Processing differences between Serbian prepositions and nouns were investigated in two lexical decision experiments. The outcome of the experiments indicate that processing of nouns presented in their citation form is affected primarily by the amount of information (bits) derived from noun's probability. Processing of prepositions appeared to be more complex because, in addition to probability of preposition, processing latency is also affected by number of syntactic functions/meanings carried by a given preposition and number of congruent noun cases. None of these factors per se is correlated with processing latencies. However, when combined into a single unit (expressed in bits) significant proportion of processing latency variability has been accounted for. It was shown that prepositions are processed faster than nouns of equivalent frequency and equivalent length. We conclude this on the basis of the observed differences in slope from linear regression, but also on the basis of differences in averaged RTs for the two word types.

scholarly journals The development of Germanic analytical tenses

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Andriy Botsman ◽  
Olga Dmytruk ◽  
Tamara Kozlovska
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Germanic Languages

The stages that encompass the future tense development are singled out as discrete phenomena within the process of the Germanic language development. The Gothic verb system can serve as the background for the investigation of the tense transformations in question. The difficulties of tense examination in the Old Germanic languages were connected with some conceptions about the Indo-Iranian and Greek languages that used to dominate in the scientific circles for a long time. Those conceptions were based on Latin and Greek patterns and postulated the use of present, past and future tenses in all Indo-European languages. The above conceptions were ruined when the study of Tokharian and Hittite demonstrated the use of the present tense for the description of future actions. The idea of losing “the protolanguage inheritance” was proved wrong, and it was incorrect to transfer the complex tense system of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin to other Proto-Indo-European languages. The examination of the tense differentiation in Gothic (as the main source of the Old Germanic language) demonstrates that the Gothic infinitive functioned as a no-particular-time unit, while personal verb forms were involved in performing tense functions. The Gothic present tense verbs represented present and future tenses and no-particular-time phenomena. Some periphrastic forms containing preterite-present verbs with the infinitive occurred sporadically. The periphrastic forms correlated with Greek and Latin patterns of the same future tense meaning. The periphrastic future forms in Gothic often contained some modal shades of meaning. The Gothic present tense functioned as a colony-forming archi-unit and a pluripotential (temporal) precursor. The periphrastic Gothic future forms are recognised as a monopotential (temporal) precursor with some modal meaning. The key research method used in the present article is the comparative historical method. The authors viewed it as the most reliable and appropriate for the study of tense forms.

The Pronominal Origin of an Evidential

Diachronica ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Botne
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Diachronic Analysis

SUMMARY Evidentials most commonly arise from reduced or reanalyzed verbs or tensed verb forms, particularly from performative verbs of saying or hearing. However, in a few seemingly rare examples, this is not the case. In this paper the author presents the case of two evidential particles —ambo and ampo — found in the Pangi variety of Lega, a Bantu language spoken in eastern Zaire. A diachronic analysis is proposed in which it is argued that ambo has derived from a third person personal pronoun. While the case of ampo is not as clear, it is proposed that it, too, ultimately derived from the same third person pronoun, but came into the Pangi variety of Lega via borrowing. RÉSUMÉ Les formes 'évidentiares' proviennent généralement des formes verbales réduites ou re-analysées, surtout des verbes performatifs de dire et de ouïr. Cependant, dans des exemples assez rares, ceci n'est pas le cas. Dans l'article actuel l'auteur présent le cas de deux particules 'évidentiares' — ambo et ampo — qui se trouvent dans le dialecte Pangi du Lega, langue bantoue de l'est du Zaire. Il propose une analyse diachronique dans laquelle ambo provient d'un pronom personnel de la troisième personne du pluriel. Bien que le cas de ampo n'est pas aussi clair, on propose que cette forme provient également du même pronom, mais à travers un emprunt. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sog. 'Evidentiale' rühren von reduzierten oder reanalysierten Verbalfor-men oder Zeitverben her, insbesondere performativen, die sagen oder hören zum Inhalt haben. Bei einigen, scheinbar seltenen Beispielen ist dies jedoch nicht der Fall. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden zwei Evidentialpartikel vor-geführt —ambo und ampo — die in Pangi, einem Dialekt des Lega, einer Bantu-Sprache des östlichen Zaire zu finder ist. Der Autor schlägt eine diachronische Analyse vor, derzufolge ambo von einem Personalpronomen der 3. Person stammt. Obgleich der Fall von ampó nicht vollends klar ist, wird doch vorgeschlagen, daß auch diese Form denselben Ursprung hat, auch wenn sie durch Entlehung ins Pangi gelangt war.

scholarly journals Exhibiting the Effects of the Episodic Buffer on Learning with Serial and Parallel Presentations of Materials

10.28945/3381 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshaa Alkhalifa
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Episodic Buffer ◽  
Complex Information

The effectiveness of an informing system is based upon several factors that include the perceptual limitations of the person receiving the information. This paper examines the perceptual limitation of the amount of information that may be processed by the human cognitive system when this information is displayed in parallel through multiple windows. The experiments show that a sequential presentation of information is more effective than a parallel one in information transfer of large amounts of information or highly complex information in cognitively demanding subjects like mathematics. These conclusions are informative to educational system designers of complex subjects.

scholarly journals Deutsche Teil- und Regrammatikalisierung

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
John Ole Askedal
Keyword(s):  
Initial Position ◽  
Middle High German ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
The Way

The present paper deals with some putative cases of so-called ‘halted’ or ‘arrested grammaticalization’ in the history of German. The following phenomena are discussed: Old High German perfect auxiliaries; the modals ‘shall’, ‘will’ and the transformative copula werden as sources of future auxiliaries in Old, Middle and New High German; some shortened verb forms in Middle High German; the Old High German etc. pronoun of identity der selbo used as a demonstrative or personal pronoun; the inflection of determiners, quantifiers and adjectives in New High German; Old High German thô, dô and Middle High German ez as syntactic ‘place-holders’ in sentence-initial position; the syntactic status of the German so-called ‘ethical dative’; and the demise of Old High German -lîhho, Middle High German -lîche as an adverb-forming suffix. It is claimed that certain general language-specific, ‘characterological’ patterns influence the way in which the grammaticalization developments in question are halted or, sometimes, given another direction by way of regrammaticalization.

scholarly journals ANALYZE THE USE OF PROGRESSIVE VERB ON SPONGEBOB MOVIES SERIES

MIMESIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Elvan Adam Zhidqi ◽  
Lilia Indriani
Keyword(s):  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Progressive verb or continuous tense is a verb tense that uses to describe an action or activity that still ongoing. This progressive verb can be in past, present, and future tense. This article inspects progressive verbs in SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Series. Descriptive qualitative is the method of this article. It analyzes the distribution of progressive verb on the movie series, and which one from the progressive verb form that most distribution in movie series.

scholarly journals Los grupos consonánticos /-n’r-/ y /-l’r-/ en el futuro : simple y en el condicional simple del castellano

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Mónika Kispéter
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Conditional Mode ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Los Grupos

The aim of this article is the investigation of certain Spanish conjugated verb forms in future tense and in conditional mode. These forms during the Middle Age had more verb stems; as opposed to this, in Modern Spanish only one of these stems is found. These forms are the result of the medieval Spanish speakers’ intent to avoid the “inconvenient” secondary consonantal groups /-n’r-/ and /-l’r-/ that had emerged as the consequence of syncope. Four different verb stems were e. g. in the case of the verb venir: (1) there is no change, so the secondary consonantal group is not dissolved (venré); (2) assimilation occurred, the /n/ assimilated to the /r/ (verré); (3) metathesis was produced, which means that the two sounds (verné); (4) there is an epenthesis, between the /n/ or the /l/ and the /r/ inserts a phoneme (vendré). The former case is the sonly applied one in Modern Spanish. The article attempts to explain why only this one form is used in the case of the verbs, although there are examples of the other phenomena in other Modern Spanish words. The article also gives explanation of the formation of these words. Furthermore, all four verb stems are examined from the point of view of its syllable structure, the universal sonority hierarchy ad morphology.

Periphrastic verb forms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Finite Part ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Future

The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.

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