scholarly journals Can outstanding research be done under less than ideal conditions?

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 360-363
Author(s):  
Rajko Igic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of

Great scientific discoveries rarely originate from small and poor countries. However, the lives and achievements of three Yugoslav scientists who were active in the biomedical sciences, Laza K. Lazarevic (1851-1891), Ivan Djaja (1884-1957), and Pavao Stern (1913-1976), serve as an example of success in this environment. These scientists, as well as the majority of other successful investigators in small and poor countries, were trained in foreign and developed countries and, upon return, were given the freedom to start a self dependent research program. They overcame many obstacles, including wars and civil unrests, to contribute significantly to certain medical fields. It is interesting that although a Jew, Stern was allowed to work during the World War II in Zagreb, which became capital of the so-called Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state under German control. Perhaps his good name among pharmacologists helped him to keep position during this tough period. Nowadays, new technologies requiring for biomedical research are rather expensive, and poor countries cannot afford to finance many scientists. Thus, selection of the most productive researchers is the challenge for those who finance scientific work.

scholarly journals Can Outstanding Research Be Done Under Less Than Ideal Conditions?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajko Igic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of

Great scientific discoveries rarely originate from small and poor countries. However, the lives and achievements of three Yugoslav scientists who were active in the biomedical sciences, Laza K. Lazarevic ́ (1851-1891), Ivan Djaja (1884-1957), and Pavao Stern (1913-1976), serve as an example of success in this environment. These scientists, as well as the majority of other successful investigators in small and poor countries, weretrained in foreign and developed countries and, upon return, were given the freedom to start a self-dependent research program. They overcame many obstacles, including wars and civil unrests, to contribute significantly to certain medical fields. It is interesting that although a Jew, Stern was allowed to work during the World War II in Zagreb, which became capital of the so-called Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state under German control. Perhaps his good name among pharmacologists helped him to keep position during this tough period. Nowadays, new technologies needed for biomedical research are rather expensive, and poor countries cannot afford to finance many scientists. Thus, selection of the most productive researchers is the challenge for those who finance scientific work.

scholarly journals A dél-dunántúli gazdasági elit változásai

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kaposi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Planned Economy ◽  
Large State ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of

The previous economic and social elite lost its influence after the World War II. They were chased, sentenced to prison and many of them were tortured to death. The Commun-ist Party's local members were appointed to be managers of large estates and factories. They were the so called „worker directors". Their tasks were the dismissal of the previous managers and the launch of the planned-economy. Large estates were parceled in 1945. In the ages 1950 the owners of these parceled lands established farmers' co-operative. Some well-functioning manors were transformed to large state farms. The selection of executives was based on how loyal to the Communist Part they were. Because of these, the produc-tivity of the agriculture and the industry declined.

HEART PUMP AND OXYGENATOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124-1128
Author(s):  
W. T. Mustard
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Artificial Heart ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Open Heart Surgery ◽  
World War ◽  
Heart Pump ◽  
The World ◽  
Cardiac Bypass ◽  
Selection Of

THIS PAPER is a general review of the development of the artificial heart-lung to facilitate open-heart surgery. At the close of World War II many centers began investigating the possibility of total cardiac bypass. Oven the past decade, pump oxygenerators of various types have become popular and recent clinical successes throughout the world have given further impetus to the study of problems posed by the artificial heart-lung apparatus. The subject divides itself into three separate parts, the first two being concerned with the maintenance of life in an experimental animal during a total cardiac bypass. One must take all the blood from the animal and return it to the animal by means of a pump. Secondly, one must oxygenate the blood before returning it. The third part of the problem confronting the surgeon is the selection of cases and correction of defects in human subjects. The pumping mechanism must duplicate as nearly as possible the action of the chambers of the heart. Pumping action must be smooth so as to prevent hemolysis and to avoid turbulence with thrombosis. It is not difficult to construct a pump with which hemolysis can be kept to relatively negligible amounts. Most of the pumps in use throughout the world give an hemolysis of less than 50 mg of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood, which is perfectly safe. Turbulence with thrombosis can be overcome by removing valves inside the stream and placing valves outside of, rather than within the stream of blood. Furthermore, heparinization of the blood lessens the tendency to thrombosis.

The Challenge of World-wide Social Conditions

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Julia J. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
World Food Supply ◽  
The World

In the fifteen years since World War II, the international community has seen marked progress in prolong ing life, providing education for children, and in increasing the world food supply. Progress in the struggle against pov erty and bad housing is much less notable, and the achieve ments in lessening social tensions, in increasing human dignity, and other qualitative aspects of the standard of living are not measurable by the rough indicators we have at our disposal. The attempt to reach a new synthesis in the economic and social aspects of the development of less-developed countries, the widespread approval of governmental planning for social as well as economic development, the growth of public respon sibility for welfare of the total population, and the attention given to rural as well as urban development are cited as impor tant postwar developments in the philosophy and methods of international co-operation. The concern about extending as sistance in ways which stimulate active participation of the people is a hopeful response to the world social situation. Fi nally, the importance of basing assistance on mutual respect— with every country acting both as donor and recipient—is stressed in this co-operation.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Mortality

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cutler ◽  
Angus Deaton ◽  
Adriana Lleras-Muney
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Good Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World

The pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experience them. Through the twentieth century in the United States and other high-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to grow by nearly 30 years. In the years just after World War II, life expectancy gaps between countries were falling across the world. Poor countries enjoyed rapid increases in life-expectancy through the 1970s, with the gains in some cases exceeding an additional year of life expectancy per year, though the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the transition in Russia and Eastern Europe have changed that situation. We investigate the determinants of the historical decline in mortality, of differences in mortality across countries, and of differences in mortality across groups within countries. A good theory of mortality should explain all of the facts we will outline. No such theory exists at present, but at the end of the paper we will sketch a tentative synthesis.

Conducting achievements of Witold Rowicki in Poland and abroad

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Krystyna Juszyńska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Symphony Orchestra ◽  
Music Teaching ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
Organizational Achievement ◽  
Selection Of

Witold Rowicki (1914–1989) was one of the most renowned Polish conductors of the 2nd half of the 20th century who gave unique renditions of symphonic music, based on a careful selection of dynamics, tempo and sound proportions between particular groups of instruments. The range of his artistic achievements as a conductor is impressive and comprises over 600 concerts in Poland (most of them with the Warsaw Philharmonic and the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra in Katowice), more than 500 concerts abroad, huge concert repertoire ranging from classicism to contemporary music, performances given alongside a number of outstanding soloists, more than 100 records, compositional output, numerous arrangements and instrumentations, popularization of music, teaching activity. His biggest organizational achievement was the revival of the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra in Katowice (1945) and the Warsaw Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra (1951) after the World War II. Witold Rowicki was a conductor of a particular merit for Polish culture.

The Emerging Social Structure of the World

1975 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Inkeles
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Modern Era

An assessment of the forms in which, and tlie extent to which, the population of the entire world may be coming to participate in a coherent global social system may be made by crude measurement of variations in the degree of autarky, interconnectedness, dependence, interdependence, integration, hegemony, and convergence. In the recent modern era, we can show that interconnectedness has been rising at an exponential rate across numerous dimensions ranging from the exchange of students to world trade. Interdependence is also increasing, but less dramatically. The greater dependence of less developed countries is unmistakable, but integration has advanced very little in the period after World War II. In studying convergence we must differentiate among modes of production, institutional forms, patterns of social relations, the content of popular values, and systems of political and economic control, each of which may change at different speeds and even move in different directions. The argument that there is substantial convergence in political and economic forms at the national level may be seriously challenged. Marked convergence is widely prevalent, however, in the utilization of science, technology, and bureaucratic procedures, and in the consequent incorporation of whole populations into new social roles. These in turn induce new attitudes and values forming a widespread complex or syndrome identified as modern and postmodern. Countervailing tendencies are, however, evident and should be weighed.

scholarly journals Formation of the Library Collections of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1940-ies

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
Yulia B. Evdokimenkova ◽  
Natalya O. Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The World ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Library Collections

This study expands the understanding of rare books — witnesses of the events of the World War II.The initial stage of formation of the library collections of Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOC RAS, Department of the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences) occurred in the 1940s. Acquisition sources of literature were very diverse, so the collections contain books from the libraries of various institutions of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Among foreign publications, there are monographs and periodicals from the displaced collections of libraries of the German industrial organizations and educational institutions, received after the Great Patriotic War. Monographs of the library of the German Chemical Society were returned to the GDR in 1956. Books of industrial companies “Vereinigte Stahlwerke”, “Deutsches Kalisyndikat Bucherei”, “Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik Arthur Krupp A.G.”, “I.G. Farbenindustrie” and other are hitherto stored in the library holdings of IOC RAS. I.G. Farbenindustrie was the largest German chemical concern; it had its own laboratories for carrying out scientific research. Many famous chemists, including four Nobel laureates, worked there. The concern collaborated with the Nazi regime, developing artificial fuel, synthetic rubber, toxic substances. It had its own factories (Werk Auschwitz) and concentration camp in Auschwitz. The laboratories conducted chemical studies, and prisoners were involved in it. Providing scientific work with literature was an important component, so the laboratories had their own libraries. After the end of the War, most of the books probably remained on the territory of the plant, which was given to Poland. On its basis, the scientific and technical library of the laboratory was formed there, which later became part of the Chemical Institute. Some of the books from the Werk Auschwitz library got to the USSR, and some of them were transferred to the library of IOC RAS.This article for the first time considers the collections of IOC RAS from the point of view of the field-specific literature published before 1945. Copies with marks of domestic and foreign organizations, personal signs and autographs of scientists are especially valuable. These books can be attributed to the book monuments of the World War II. Thus, one of the most important tasks of the library now is to preserve and study them.

scholarly journals Akamatsu Waves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Tausch ◽  
Leonid Grinin ◽  
Andrey Korotayev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

In 1937, the Japanese economist Kaname Akamatsu discovered specific links between the rise and decline of the global peripheries. Akamatsu’s theory of development describes certain mechanisms whose working results in the narrowing of the gap between the level of development of the economy of developing and developed countries, and, thus, in the re-structuring of the relationships between the global core and the global periphery. Akamatsu developed his model on the basis of his analysis of the economic development of Japan before World War II, with a special emphasis on the development of the Japanese textile industry. Akamatsu’s catch-up development includes three phases: import of goods, organization of the production of previously imported products, and export of those goods. This model proved to be productive for analyzing the development of many other developing countries, especially in East Asia, making the theory of flying geese popular among the economists of these countries, as well as the whole world. The “flying geese” model produces certain swings that may be denoted as Akamatsu waves. Akamatsu waves may be defined as cycles (with a period ranging from 20 to 60 years) that are connected with convergence and divergence of core and periphery of the World System in a way that explains cyclical upward and downward swings (at global and national levels) in the movements of the periphery countries as they catch up with the richer ones.

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