Phosphate Rocks: A Review of Sedimentary and Igneous Occurrences in Morocco

Phosphate rocks are a vital resource for world food supply and security. They are the primary raw material for phosphoric acid and fertilizers used in agriculture, and are increasingly considered to be a potential source of rare earth elements. Phosphate rocks occur either as sedimentary deposits or igneous ores associated with alkaline rocks. In both cases, the genesis of high-grade phosphate rocks results from complex concentration mechanisms involving several (bio)geochemical processes. Some of these ore-forming processes remain poorly understood and subject to scientific debate. Morocco holds the world’s largest deposits of sedimentary phosphate rocks, and also possesses several alkaline complexes with the potential to bear igneous phosphate ores that are still largely underexplored. This paper summarizes the main geological features and driving processes of sedimentary and igneous phosphates, and discusses their global reserve/resource situation. It also provides a comprehensive review of the published data and information on Moroccan sedimentary and igneous phosphates. It reveals significant knowledge gaps and a lack of data, inter alia, regarding the geochemistry of phosphates and basin-scale correlations. Owing to the unique situation of Moroccan phosphates on the global market, they clearly deserve more thorough studies that may, in turn, help to constrain future resources and/or reserves, and answer outstanding questions on the genesis of phosphates.

Opportunities and Possibilities of Developing an Advanced Precision Spraying System for Tree Fruits

Reducing risk from pesticide applications has been gaining serious attention in the last few decades due to the significant damage to human health, environment, and ecosystems. Pesticide applications are an essential part of current agriculture, enhancing cultivated crop productivity and quality and preventing losses of up to 45% of the world food supply. However, inappropriate and excessive use of pesticides is a major rising concern. Precision spraying addresses these concerns by precisely and efficiently applying pesticides to the target area and substantially reducing pesticide usage while maintaining efficacy at preventing crop losses. This review provides a systematic summary of current technologies used for precision spraying in tree fruits and highlights their potential, briefly discusses factors affecting spraying parameters, and concludes with possible solutions to reduce excessive agrochemical uses. We conclude there is a critical need for appropriate sensing techniques that can accurately detect the target. In addition, air jet velocity, travel speed, wind speed and direction, droplet size, and canopy characteristics need to be considered for successful droplet deposition by the spraying system. Assessment of terrain is important when field elevation has significant variability. Control of airflow during spraying is another important parameter that needs to be considered. Incorporation of these variables in precision spraying systems will optimize spray decisions and help reduce excessive agrochemical applications.

180 Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam in Tilapia (Oreochromis Spp.)

Aquaculture is one of the largest growing sectors of the world food supply. There is evidence of pain perception in fish, but analgesic use in aquaculture is limited, as little information is available on the properties of analgesic drugs in fish. The objective was to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of flunixin administered intramuscularly and meloxicam administered intramuscularly or orally in tilapia. Two hundred-seventy fish were enrolled and assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups 1) flunixin meglumine administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg; 2) meloxicam administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1 mg/kg; or 3) meloxicam administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from 6 fish per treatment group at 14 timepoints out to 10 days post-drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The mean and standard error of the plasma concentration were calculated for each treatment at each timepoint. The plasma concentration versus time data were analyzed with a non-compartmental approach using a commercially available software (Phoenix®, Version 8.3, Certara, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA). Flunixin reached a mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of 4826.7 ng/mL at 0.5 h, had a terminal half-life (T1/2) of 0.5h, and an area under the concentration time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCINF_obs) of 25,261.62 h*ng/mL. Intramuscular meloxicam had a T1/2 of 9.4 h after reaching a Cmax of 11.3 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUCINF_obs of 150.31 h*ng/mL. Oral meloxicam has a T1/2 of 1.9 h after reaching a Cmax of 72.2 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUCINF_obs of 400.83 h*ng/mL. In conclusion, flunixin, when administered intramuscularly, reaches sufficient plasma concentrations to potentially have an effect, while meloxicam when administered intramuscularly or orally at the given dosage likely does not due to the relatively low plasma concentration.

Assessment of Climate Change by Crop Yields

With the United States producing 41% of the world's maize and 38% of the world's soybeans, the impact on US crop yields has implications for world food supply. We combine the US state results committee with a detailed climate information index that integrates the entire cycle between baseline and most extreme temperatures each day and throughout the day of the development season. The temperature rises to around 29 ° C for corn, 30 ° C for soybeans, and 32 ° C for cotton, but temperatures above this limit can be devastating. The slope of the attenuation towards the full ideal is more extreme than the slope below it. Similar non-linear and aberrant relationships can be seen taking into account the temporal arrangement of climate and yield or cross-sectional diversity. This suggests the possibility of limited variability in plant species given the fact that the last crop introduced the conversion of the farmer to a warmer environment, whereas the previous crop did not ... Considering current developing regions, normal yields by zone are expected to fall by 31-43% under slowing warming and 67-79% at the fastest-warming conditions before the end of this century.

World food supply: problems and prospects.

The current world population of 7.6 billion is projected to reach 9.9 billion by 2050. The UN projects that agricultural output will need to increase by 70% simply to maintain current dietary standards, which does not include improving the diets of approximately 800 million malnourished people. Agricultural production increased at a rate insufficient to reach the goal set by the 2009 World Summit on Food Security to reduce by one half the number of malnourished people in the world by 2015. In spite of declining poverty rates, achieving this reduction in the number of malnourished people will be very difficult, as it is likely that the projected 2.3 billion additional people will be among the poorest of the poor. Food imports are expected to increase despite projected increased production, with many poor countries unable to afford those imports. Agriculture can improve sustainable world food production on the land currently under production and by doing so protect our fragile environment as much as possible.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN KUALITAS TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max L. Merill) MELALUI PEMANFAATAN BIOTEKNOLOGI DALAM MENGATASI KELANGKAAN PANGAN

Population growth the rapidly is currently a major challenges to business world food supply. The development of biotechnology begins with technology genetically engineered has accelerated. Products of biotechnology plants resembling plants provenance, but having the characteristics of certain that causes those plants better. Plant products of biotechnology which has been approved for food as having the nature of : 1) resistance to pests and disease , 2) resistance to herbicide, 3) nutrition changes and 4) content increased save resources. The purpose of drafting this paper is to provide information about improving the quality of the soybean plant ( Glycine max l .Merill ) through the use of biotechnology in addressing scarcity of food.The genetically engineered in plants soybean , includes extraction process dna ( modification ctab ) method of the leaves of plants tangential and soybean R1 R2. Fragments of dna the genome of 0.8 kb involved in tolerant asam-al at b . Japonicum 38 has successfully isolated using inverse PCR technique, Fragments of dna has been successfully diklon into plasmid vector pgemt-easy ( ~ 3kb ) produce recombinant plasmid pgemt-38 a ~ 3.8 family planning. Ttransfer genes pinii in plants soy has successfully done through a . Tumefaciens with one of his event at1 ( tidar ) showing the pcr positive on pinii genes. Protocol best for soybean through the transformation of a . Tumefaciens is using eksplan cotyledon young with the density of bacteria 1 x 108 / cell mls inoculation / long 90 minutes and long kokultivasi 5 days. The soybean plant AT1R1 ( tidar ) transformation through a result. Tumefaciens a little more resistant to pest borer rather than the pods the soybean plant nontransgenik (control)

Some Bounds on the Sensitivity of Human Population Dynamics to the Effects of Greenhouse-Gas Reduction of Land Productivity

The 7 August 2019 IPCC special report on land and climate change predicts that the average global temperature will rise more than 1.5 C if human production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) continues at the 2019 rate to 2030, significantly compromising land productivity and the world food supply. Given a relationship between GHGs and land productivity, the World3 simulator can help to bound estimates of the sensitivity of human population dynamics to GHG reduction of land productivity. World3 projects that in the worst case the peak size of the human population could be reduced by 4% - 37% by GHG reduction of land productivity, compared to World3’s “benchmark scenarios”, during calendar years 1900-2100. In particular, World3’s “business-as-usual” (BAU) scenario implies that in the worst case the peak size of the human population would be reduced by ~20% by reduction of land productivity. This BAU-specific result is consistent, to within a factor of two, with GHG/wheat-productivity relations described in the literature.

1. Clean, Green, Ethical (CGE) Management: What Research Do We Really Need?

Industries based on small ruminants are major contributors to world food supply but, in many production systems, reproductive technology is not directly relevant. In addition, there is a general need to embrace the vision for products that are ‘clean, green and ethical’ (CGE). In the concept of CGE management, the environment of the animal is used to control reproduction rather than technological tools. Nutrition is the primary factor but, rather than feeding ruminants with potential human food, we need to focus on forages with occasional ‘smart supplements’. This focus also opens up opportunities – new forages can supply energy and protein whilst improving animal health and welfare, and reducing carbon emissions.Nutritional inputs must be accurately coordinated with reproductive events to ensure that the metabolic signals are appropriate to the stage of the reproductive process. To control the timing of reproduction, we begin with simply managing the presence of the male but then seek more precision through the greater use of ultrasound.Finally, genetic improvement should be part of every industry strategy and it is critical in the long-term development of CGE management. Most aspects of CGE management have a strong genetic component, as evidenced by variation among genotypes, and among individuals within genotypes. For example, a combination of nutritional management with genetic improvement in the rate of muscle accumulation can accelerate sexual maturity, potentially leading to simultaneous improvements in meat production, reproductive efficiency and environmental footprint.For each local situation, we need to introduce the various elements of the CGE package in stages, adapting the process to cover variations in genotype and in geographical and socio-economic environments. Some concepts might need further research and development for local conditions. Ultimately, CGE management is a simple and cost-effective way to improve productivity whilst safeguarding the future of the livestock industries.