scholarly journals Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the islands and lagoons of northern Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devaka Weerakoon ◽  
Sampath De A. Goonatilake ◽  
Tharanga Wijewickrama ◽  
Arjan Rajasuriya ◽  
Naalin Perera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Northern Province ◽  
Biodiversity Assessment ◽  
Rapid Biodiversity Assessment ◽  
Palk Bay ◽  
The Government

After the 30-year long civil war was over, the Government of Sri Lanka commenced an accelerated programme to develop the Northern Province. If not carefully planned, such a programme will result in the loss of biodiversity and the consequent loss of services that ecosystems provide humans. Therefore, documenting the biodiversity found within coastal, nearshore and offshore islands of the Northern Province was identified as a need that would help both planners and conservation biologists alike. This report presents the results of a rapid biodiversity assessment of a 949 km stretch from Mannar to the Kokkilai Lagoon, including 22 coastal islands, five coastal stretches and four lagoons, extending across four districts (Jaffna, Mannar, Kilinochchi and Mullaittivu), 20 Divisional Secretariats Divisions and 264 Grama Niladhari Divisions. For terrestrial ecosystems, assessments were carried out during November 2015 and March 2016, and for marine surveys in the coastal waters of Palk Bay and Palk Strait, during November 2015 and March 2016.

scholarly journals State Reluctance towards Inclusive Policies in Post-Civil War Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Mansoor Mohamed Fazil ◽  
Mohamed Anifa Mohamed Fowsar ◽  
Mohamed Bazeer Safna Sakki ◽  
Thaharadeen Fathima Sajeetha ◽  
Vimalasiri Kamalasiri
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
International Power ◽  
The Government

This study aims to identify the factors preventing the state from responding in a manner that will avoid future conflict in post-civil war Sri Lanka. After the government ended the separatist struggle of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) by bringing the civil war to an end in May 2009, the protracted and destructive 30-year war presented an opportunity for both state and society to learn many useful lessons from the long war. These lessons could have enabled the government to reconstitute the state as an inclusive institution, one in which minorities could also participate to ensure just and equitable development for all Sri Lankans. This study uses a qualitative research approach that involves analysis of critical categories. Findings of this study offer some crucial insights about Sri Lanka’s ethnic politics, particularly, the various factors have influenced the state to avoid inclusive policies. The key factor is the dilemma of post-independent political culture or traditions amongst ruling elites resulted in the avoidance of inclusive policies. This study also reveals some other factors that contestations between different social forces within society, within the state, and between the state and society still prevail in Sri Lanka, hampering the institution of inclusive policies. Further, the paper highlights the failure of India and the International Community to pressurize the state of Sri Lanka to introduce inclusive mechanisms due to international power balance (China factor).

Feminism, nationalism, and labour in post-civil war Northern Province of Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muttukrishna Sarvananthan ◽  
Jeyapraba Suresh ◽  
Anushani Alagarajah
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Northern Province

scholarly journals Eliminating malaria in conflict zones: public health strategies developed in the Sri Lanka Civil War

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. e007453
Author(s):  
Abrar Ahmed ◽  
Kara Grace Hounsell ◽  
Talha Sadiq ◽  
Mariam Naguib ◽  
Kirstyn Koswin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
World Health ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Health Strategies

Despite the 26-year long civil war, Sri Lanka was declared malaria-free by WHO in 2016. This achievement was the result of nearly 30 years of elimination efforts following the last significant resurgence of malaria cases in Sri Lanka. The resurgence occurred in 1986–1987, when about 600 000 cases of malaria were detected. Obstacles to these efforts included a lack of healthcare workers in conflict zones, a disruption of vector control efforts, gaps in the medication supply chain, and rising malaria cases among the displaced population.This article seeks to describe the four strategies deployed in Sri Lanka to mitigate the aforementioned obstacles to ultimately achieve malaria elimination. The first approach was the support for disease elimination by the government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Elam. The second strategy was the balance of centralised leadership of the federal government and the decentralised programme operation at the regional level. The third strategy was the engagement of non-governmental stakeholders to fill in gaps left by the conflict to continue the elimination efforts. The last strategy is the ongoing efforts by the government, military and non-profit organisations to prevent the reintroduction of malaria.The lessons learnt from Sri Lanka have important implications for malaria-endemic nations that are in conflict such as Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Yemen and Somalia. To accomplish the World Health Assembly goal of reducing the global incidence and mortality of malaria by 90% by 2030, significant efforts are required to lessen the disease burden in conflict zones. In addition to the direct impacts of conflict on population health, conflicts may lead to increased risk of spread of malaria, both within a country and consequently, abroad.

scholarly journals The End of Sri Lanka’s Civil War and the Fall of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): A Critical Analysis of the Contributed Factors to the Defeat of the LTTE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
M. M. Fazil ◽  
M. A. M. Fowsar
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Social Force ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Global War On Terrorism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Global War

Sri Lanka came to the international limelight through the backdrop of its undesirable war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) that lasted over three decades. The LTTE was formed as a social force, and then it transformed as a leading armed movement to forward their decades-long quest to set up a Tamil homeland in Sri Lanka. The government ended the LTTE’s secessionist struggle in May 2009 after a lengthy and bloody battle. Several national and international factors played a crucial role in ending the civil war sooner. The study used a qualitative method of inquiry to explore the key factors that led to the fall of the LTTE, a vigorous armed movement that attempted to set up a separate state in the Island of Sri Lanka. The findings show that strong political leadership, fortified security forces, implementing sophisticated national security strategies, the split of the LTTE and the global war on terrorism are the major factors that had a significant impact and contributed in the LTTE being defeated in 2009.

scholarly journals Women, Civil War and Struggle for Survival: A Study of Tamil Women in Ampara District of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Athula Withanawasam
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Public Assistance ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Male Partners ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tamil Women

Even though the civil war in Sri Lanka officially ended in 2009, the hardship created by war is long-lasting and will take years to reconcile. This research is about the impact of war politics on women of Tamil community in the Ampara district of Sri Lanka during the period of armed conflict. The findings of this study reveal that the girls of the Tamil community were forcefully recruited to join the Tamil militant groups. Hence, parents found the only way to rescue their children and to assure their existence was to arrange teenage marriages. Most of those marriages were not legally registered. This paved the way for the male partners to abandon their spouses, often with children. The women whose children were forcefully recruited to militant forces and whose life was lost in the battle filed were given the dignity of ‘Veera Thai’ (Heroine Mother) with an allowance as gratitude for bearing such a war hero. However, it was revealed the title itself had resulted in many types of hardships. The government also deliberately denied any public assistance to those families. The study has found that the women in the numerically weakest groups during war time, irrespective of age difference, had undergone many and varied hardship. The study further has identified that the hardship experienced by these women continued even in the post-civil war context. Therefore, the study urges that these types of hardship faced by women in the post-war context need to be handled with political sensitivity to the equity and justice for women.

scholarly journals Strong state and weak minority in post-civil war Sri Lanka: A study based on state-in-society approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Mohamed Anifa Mohamed Fowsar ◽  
Mansoor Mohamed Fazil
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Social Force ◽  
Strong State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Military Victory

This study aims to analyze the strong state of Sri Lanka that emerged after the civil war during the regime of Mahinda Rajapaksa. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was the leading Tamil militant social force, which was waging war against the government to form a separate state in the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka. The government ended both the separatist struggle of the LTTE and the civil war in May 2009 by winning a major military victory. This study is a qualitative analysis based on text analysis and field interviews, supplemented with limited observations. The study reveals that the state introduced enhanced security measures to avoid possible LTTE regrouping and re-commencement of violence in the country. The state also attempted to fragment minority parties to weaken the state reconstitution process through penetration and regulation of the social order.

scholarly journals Accommodating Minorities into Sri Lanka’s Post-Civil War State System: Government Initiatives and Their Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Mansoor Mohamed Fazil ◽  
Mohamed Anifa Mohamed Fowsar ◽  
Vimalasiri Kamalasiri ◽  
Thaharadeen Fathima Sajeetha ◽  
Mohamed Bazeer Safna Sakki
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
State System ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government

Many observers view the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in May 2009 as a significant turning point in the protracted ethnic conflict that was troubling Sri Lanka. The armed struggle and the consequences of war have encouraged the state and society to address the group rights of ethnic minorities and move forward towards state reconstitution. The Tamil minority and international community expect that the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) must introduce inclusive policies as a solution to the ethnic conflict. They believe the state should take measures to avoid another major contestation through the lessons learned from the civil war. The study is a qualitative analysis based on text analysis. In this backdrop, this paper examines the attempts made for the inclusion of minorities into the state system in post-civil war Sri Lanka, which would contribute to finding a resolution to the ethnic conflict. The study reveals that numerous attempts were made at various periods to introduce inclusive policies to achieve state reconstitution, but those initiatives failed to deliver sustainable peace. The study also explores problems pertaining to contemporary policy attempts.

Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Nackers
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
International Community ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government

In spite of the adoption of the responsibility to protect (R2P) by the Sri Lankan government in 2005, both Sri Lankan and LTTE forces killed thousands of civilians during the conclusion of the civil war. In this chapter, it is shown that these atrocities occurred in large part due to existing international political dynamics, which were focused on the War on Terror, and a shortage of information on what was occurring in the conflict zone. This facilitated states in supporting the government, while diminishing criticism from others that may have been more supportive of the invocation of R2P. Yet following the conflict, with increased information on the crisis, subsequent initiatives taken by the international community have endeavoured to obtain accountability, justice, and to prevent such atrocities from occurring in the future. These initiatives have strengthened the UN’s ability to implement R2P; however, ongoing challenges remain.

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