“A Chosen People”: Religious Discourse and the Making of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38
Author(s):  
Douglass Sullivan-González
Keyword(s):  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Graphic Narrative ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
White Elite

No clearer testimony evidenced the social upheaval and shifting political landscape in Guatemala in February 1838 than the graphic narrative by the traveling United States' diplomat, John Lloyd Stephens. Recently arrived in the capital for the first time, Stephens witnessed the insurrectionary triumph of the military caudillo, Rafael Carrera, and his “tumultuous mass of half-naked savages, men, women, and children, estimated at ten or twelve thousand.” Stephens described how Carrera's indigenous followers, upon entering the abandoned plaza and within earshot of the terrified white elite shouted “Long live religion and death to foreigners!” Carrera's political uprising incited by religious concerns had laid siege to the power structure inherited from colonial times.

REGIONAL INEQUALITIES OF CHILDREN DISABILITY INCIDENCE IN LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Juozas Raistenskis ◽  
Zdislav Skvarciany ◽  
Romualdas Gurevičius
Keyword(s):  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Direct Standardization

Declining birth rates, increasing number of diseases and injuries among children, socio-economical change in the situation of the country, as well as other social, health - and economics-related factors are the main reasons for greater interest of scientists in research on the social and health disparities in the counties (municipalities and districts). This paper analyzes the inequalities in first-time recognized children’s disability in counties of Lithuania during the period of 2007-2011. Aim of the study. To analyze incidences of the firsttime recognized children’s disability in Lithuania from 2007 to 2011 and to compare the parameters of the first-time recognized children’s disability incidence in 10 counties, taking into account variability of disability incidence inside the counties. Methods. The study used the data on the initial determination of disability in children, taken from Disability and Working Capacity Assessment Office under the Ministry of Social Security and Labor from 2007-2011. For the usage of further statistical index, the information on the number of citizens was taken from the database of Department of Statistics of the Republic of Lithuania. The indicators were age-standardized using the direct standardization method and the statistical program “WinPepi”. For the variation analysis of country’s regional disparities the One-way ANOVA test was applied. Results. During the analyzed period (2007-2011) in Lithuania some form of disability was found in 10649 children under the age of 18, of whom 6,219 - boys (58,0 percent) and 4,430 - girls (42,0 percent). The largest newly-recognized children’s disability averages in 2007-2011 were found in the region of Šiauliai (43,68 ± 1,70), Panevėžys county (41,55 ± 1,96) and Utena county (41,53 ± 6,27). In boys’ group - Šiauliai county (51,64 ± 1,53), Telšiai county (47,72 ± 10,61), Utena county (46,69 ± 7,83) and Panevėžys county (45,61 ± 2,59). In girls’ group - Panevėžys (37,14 ± 2,31 ), Šiauliai (35,33 ± 2,47), and Utena (36,16 ± 5,11) c o unties. In both girls’ and boys’ groups statistically significant differences (p0.05) in newly recognized children’s disability incidence in the country’s counties were found. Conclusions. The conducted variation analysis of children’s disability at t h e age of 0-17 y.o. in the period of 2007-2011 throughout the country’s counties, revealed inequalities among the counties. The biggest differences in newly determined disability in children in comparison with other counties of the country were found among Šiauliai, Utena, and Panevėžys counties.

scholarly journals The memory of brazilians and guyaneses about the rupununi uprising in the frontier Brazil – Guyana

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Cunha Pereira
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Political Event ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

In this text, I re-elaborate the narratives and oral speech of some of the social subjects (Guyanese Negroes, Macushi Indigenous and Wapishana, regional Brazilians) about the Rupununi Uprising. The narratives and oral speech of the interviewees on the subject are partially constituted by the fieldwork that originated the Ethnography built as a doctorate thesis in the frontier Brazil-Guyana. The intention is to contextualize, by means of these narratives, the realms of memory that make up the political landscape of the 60s in these two countries, since the political event called Rupununi Uprising, characterized as one of the most polemic period in Guyana’s history. In Brazil, milestones of this decade were the military dictatorship and the leftist movements.In Guyana it is a moment of the process of independence and of secession fights.

Medication rationality in treating depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Liubov KAVALIAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Rimantas PEČIŪRA ◽  
Virginija ADOMAITIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Depression Treatment ◽  
Recurrent Depression ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Relapse Rates

Background. The costs of depression treatment in Lithuania increase because of high depression relapse rates which indicate the necessity to evaluate first-time depression treatment rationality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antidepressants according to the opinion of three groups of specialists (family doctors, psychiatrists and pharmacists) in order to assess the possibilities of a more rational use of depression treatment costs rationalizing opportunities. Materials and methods. Data on depression diagnoses were obtained from the Republic Psychiatric Health Centre. In 2009, 361 Lithuanian pharmacist, 317 family doctors and 280 psychiatrists were interviewed. The data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program. Results. In the study period (2004–2009), the volume of total depression diagnoses grew up by 12% and the number of relapsed depression diagnoses by 27%. Among family doctors, 13% still don’t launch depression treatment by themselves, and 62% of them refer patients to psychiatrists in cases of depression relapse. Those who prescribe a medicine all alone in most cases use sertraline, but even 38% of family doctors mention benzodiazepines. According to family doctors’ answers, 32% of them reevaluate the effect of medications in 4 weeks and 25% do not monitor it at all. More than 50% of pharmacists have noted that every day they are asked by patients for antidepressants without prescription. Conclusions. The abundance of cases of recurrent depression, recorded by family doctors, encourage to revise the preparedness of family doctors to treat this disease. The specialists’ opinion makes us to reevaluate and question the quality of depression treatment and to rationalize the efficiency of depression treatment in Lithuania as regards its both economic and social aspects. Keywords: depression treatment, antidepressants, depression relapse

Anticommunism in 20th-Century Chile: From the “Social Question” to the Military Dictatorship

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Casals
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

Anticommunism was a central force in the history of the Chilean political conflict in the 20th century. Not only did several political actors define their identities and actions by their opposition to Marxist-inspired revolutionary projects, but also the state in different moments excluded and persecuted everything identified as “communist.” To a great extent, anticommunism relied on three main “frameworks”: Catholicism, nationalism, and liberalism, all of which were crucial elements in the construction of the Republic since the 19th century. Different combinations and interpretations within each framework resulted in different anticommunist expressions, from pro-fascist movements and nationalist groups to the conservative-liberal right wing, the Social Christian center and even moderate socialists. Many of them, especially in the second half of the 20th century, understood anticommunism as a defense of different variations of capitalism. Of course, anticommunism was not a uniquely Chilean phenomenon. It was, in fact, an ideological trend worldwide. This conditioned the reception in Chile of global events and ideas, while it enabled the construction of transnational networks among related actors. The enactment of the Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy in 1948, which outlawed the Communist Party, symbolized the alignment of Chilean politics to Cold War bipolarity. However, the Marxist left was able to recover during the “long Sixties,” in a political and cultural environment marked by the Cuban Revolution. The Popular Unity government was the materialization of all anticommunist fears. The counter-revolutionary bloc created then paved the way to the 1973 coup and the subsequent military dictatorship, which used anticommunism as state ideology. Human rights violations were legitimated by the dictatorship from that ideological framework. Anticommunism decayed by the late 1980s alongside socialist experiences around the world.

scholarly journals Organization Of Leisure In The Cities Of Karakalpakstan In 1960-1980

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Gulnara Seydametova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Data Archives ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Leisure And Recreation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Recreation Activities

Organization of leisure of the population in the cities of Karakalpakstan in 1960-1980sis analyzed in the article as well as the meaning of the ‘leisure’ term is determined. The cultural leisure of townspeople was sufficiently divorced. The organization of the leisure was based not only on the party and state directions, but on active amateur involvement of the population groups in cultural life of the regions. Development of city infrastructure and increase of living standards of the population required improvement in all fields of industry and livelihood of the society. The peculiarity of leisure organization for Soviet citizens is uncovered in the article. It differs by its ideological purpose and intension to involve citizens into achievement of the goals stated by the government for the industrial enterprises. The methodology of the research is based on local materials. In this research we focused on specifics and problems of leisure and recreation activities of Karakalpak region during the studied period of time. The scientific novelty of the research is that the research of the leisure and recreation activities within the period from 1960’s to 1980’s has been studied for the first time in Karakalpakstan. The social problems of the region and ways to solve these problems by the government of the Republic were studied on the basis of statistic data, archives and articles of that period.

scholarly journals The Role of the Serving Tatars of Meschera in the Repulsion of Nogai Raids and the Population of the Southern Cis-Volga Region’s “Hill Bank Land”

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-821
Author(s):  
Radik R. Salikhov ◽  
◽  
Radik R. Iskhakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Volga Region ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
The Social ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Powerful Stimulus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Military ◽  
Large Groups

Research objectives: To study the migration of the serving Tatars of Meschera and their economic development of the “wild field” in the southern Cis-Volga region’s “Hill Bank Land” in the context of the military confrontation with the Nogais at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Research materials: Bibliographic and archival materials about the military border service of the Meshchera Tatars and their colonization of the territory of the former Nogai nomads in the Volga region. Results and novelty of the research: The authors studied the military confrontation bet­ween the serving Tatars of the Arzamas and Alatyr districts and the Nogai detachments at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. This process became the reason for the resettlement of large groups of Tatars on the territory of the Volga region. The serving Tatars of Meschera began to populate lands on a massive scale in the southern Cis-Volga region after their military clashes with the Nogais in 1571, 1577, 1581, 1593–1594, 1612, 1614, 1620, and after the construction of the city of Simbirsk and the Karsun-Simbirsk defensive line. Today, these territories include the Drozhzhanovsky, Buinsky, Tetyushsky districts, and part of the Kaibitsky district in the Republic of Tatarstan. An important historical event in this process was the defeat of the Nogais in 1612 by the serving Alatyr Tatars and Mordovians under the leadership of Bayush Rozgildeev and Yamash Mangushev. It was during this period that the serving Tatars began to receive estates in the “Dikoe pole” (”Wild field”). The settlement of the region called “Gornaya storona” (“Hill Bank Land”) by serving Tatars continued during the seventeenth and first half of eighteenth century. At this time, there was a shift in the social status of the serving Tatars that was associated with their transfer to the department of the Kazan Admiralty. This was called the Lashman Service. Due to the economic activity of the Tatar landowners, the southern Cis-Volga region became a developed agricultural region in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with a wide cooperative peasant trade and the establishment of various crafts. In conclusion, the military border campaign against the Nogais and other nomads in which the Meschera Tatars participated was a powerful stimulus for the formation of one of the key ethnocultural centers of the Tatar people.

scholarly journals Selection of Rifle Caliber in Rearming Process of the Serbian Army

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Jokić ◽  
Boris Delibašić ◽  
Aca Ranđelović
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Selection Of

Research Question: This paper recommends the method for selecting the optimal ammunition caliber for the automatic rifle that will be used to equip Serbian Army units. Motivation/idea: The selection of adequate caliber does not only represent a challenge for the decision-makers in the military, but also provides information to the industry to adjust to given requests. In the current conditions, the purpose-built industry of the Republic of Serbia is faced with two key tasks that are completely correlated: meeting the needs of the Serbian Army for quality ammunition and being competitive on the market. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to develop a qualitative model based on the DEX method and DEXi software applied in the selection of caliber ammunition for automatic rifles for the needs of members of the Serbian Army. This paper connects for the first time the qualitative DEX method with a product of this industry. Data / Tools: In order to meet the requirements of the multi-criteria decision-making, we developed the DEX model to be used to solve the problem of making decisions about the selection of optimal caliber for rearming the Serbian Army, as well as its cost-effectiveness. The alternatives are calibers for automatic rifles 7.62 mm and 5.56 mm that are currently in use in the Serbian Army, as well as the new 6.5 mm caliber which has been announced by the expert authorities. We defined the selection of criteria functions from technical and logistic standpoints. Using the DEX method and DEXi software enables us to obtain independent recommendations by applying different criteria. Findings: Results of this research show that the caliber is a very important component when it comes to army’s armament. At the same time, this question poses a challenge for the sustainable development of the weapons industry. As the optimal caliber, among the offered, after processing the input data in the DEXi software, the authors propose a caliber of 5.56 mm. This caliber dominates in most criteria and as such, it represents the best choice. Contribution: This paper contributes to the creation of sustainable development policies on the national and regional levels and it helps the key decision-makers in the military make decisions. Results of such and similar research, and the fact that the international market has a growing need for ammunition of this caliber should be guidelines for the domestic weapons industry for future development and investment.

Roman History

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Lucy Grig
Keyword(s):  
Early Republic ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

Let's begin at the beginning, with a book by Jeremy Armstrong that takes us back to the Early Republic, from the sixth to fourth centuries bce, examining the social and political transformations of that period and looking at the very foundation of the Roman state. The challenges of working on this early period are well known. Indeed, Armstrong early on says that he will eschew an overly optimistic, positivistic approach to the later literary account and make use of the substantial archaeological evidence. This archaeological evidence is crucial in drawing up a picture of the social and economic context of early Latium. However, the problematic literary accounts still often appear as rather too unproblematic framing narratives for what follows. Armstrong's account is chronological, taking us, as the title suggests, from the early ‘warlords’ to the military society of the Republic in the wake of the Latin Settlement in 338 bce. What we have here is a properly ambitious attempt to explain this crucial transition – but many problems and questions undoubtedly remain in the study of the early days of the Republic.

‘The Sentence Has Been Executed Straightaway’: Telegrams about Executions of the Participants of the Peasant Revolt of 1920—1921 from the Fond of the Military Board of the Supreme Tribunal

2018 ◽  
pp. 1009-1019
Author(s):  
Vladimir B. Bezgin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Peasant Revolt ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The article draws on the archival sources introduced into scientific use for the first time to study the social character of active participants of the peasant revolt in the Tambov gubernia (1920-1921) who executed under sentences of the revolutionary tribunals. Telegraphic messages from the revolutionary military tribunals about executions of insurgents stored in the fond of the Military Board of the Supreme Tribunal in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) are being introduced into scientific use. The article offers their content analysis. The archival documents provide biographical data and establish main characteristics of insurgents and charges against them. The article analyses of the procedure of execution as a punitive measure used by the regime to suppress the revolt. It observes that the greatest number of sentences was executed at the final stage of the revolt suppression. Meetings of the revolutionary military tribunals were held in the evening or at night. As a rule, the meeting lasted for an hour or a bit longer; the sentence was not subject to any appeal and was executed immediately. The research identifies the social basis and nature of the insurgent movement and reveals the role of deserters and the civilians’ attitude to the actions of ‘bandits.’ The research also proves that the absolute majority of the insurgents were well-to-do peasants and their participation in the revolt was a conscious choice. All executed peasants were young; their average age was about 27. The local character of the revolt is proved by the geography of executed peasants’ residences. There were no Socialists-Revolutionaries among the executed insurgents; therefore, the revolt was free from political influence and expressed interests common to all peasants. The communistic regime saw in the execution of insurgents for ‘malicious and active banditism’ a repression measure to suppress the peasant revolt. The author has found out names of 70 Tambov peasants executed as participants of the revolt, which do not appear in the published sources.

ANARCHO-SYNDICALISTS AND THE SPANISH REPUBLIC (1931–1936)

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Vadim Damier ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Trade Union Movement ◽  
Protest Movement ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Free Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

Many anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists in Spain generally welcomed the fall of the monarchy in April 1931, hoping that these changes would open the way for a more free development of the libertarian trade union movement and for anarchist agitation. However, the initial calculations of those who had pinned their hopes on the republic were quickly shaken. The policy of the republican governments was diametrically opposed to the ideas of the anarcho-syndicalists, and the repression of the authorities against the strike and protest movement led to the fact that the republic began to be perceived in the libertarian environment as a hostile regime. This contributed to the strengthening of internal divisions in the anarcho-syndicalist trade union association, the National Confederation of Labor (CNT), causing it to split into radical and moderate trends. The first of them, having won a victory, took a course towards the immediate accomplishment of the social revolution. The political and social regime of the Spanish Republic, in the view of the anarcho-syndicalists, was to be overthrown and replaced by the system of stateless libertarian communism, which was perceived as an alternative to the fascist threat. This article examines the stages and vicissitudes in the development of relations between the anarcho-syndicalist movement and the Spanish Republic in the period preceding the military-nationalist rebellion of July 1936, and analyzes the reasons and motives for the change in the positions of the CNT and anarchists.

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