Education and Nutrition in the Colonies

Africa ◽  
1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphI must make it clear at the outset that I do not profess to have any expert knowledge of nutritional questions, but I hope it will be agreed that it is riot necessary to have the knowledge of an expert in order to realize that there are vital differences between the problems of nutrition in highly developed countries of Western civilization and the tropical countries of which, in the main, the Colonial Empire consists. In these territories the bulk of the inhabitants are still living in conditions which are extremely primitive or backward.

Bovine or equine faeces as sources of micro-organisms instead of rumen liquor in the Tilley and Terry in vitro digestibility technique for evaluating forages in Tanzania

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
H. Whittall ◽  
E.J. Mtengeti ◽  
L.A. Mtenga ◽  
D.L. Romney ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Consequent Improvement

Akhter et al.(1994) demonstrated bovine faeces to have considerable potential as a source of microorganisms to replace rumen liquor in the in vitro digestibility method of Tilley and Terry (1963) for evaluating temperate gramminaceous forages, under UK laboratory conditions. In view of the difficulties and costs of maintaining fistulated animals in tropical, less-developed countries, the present study was undertaken in Tanzania to investigate the potential of bovine faeces as a substitute for rumen liquor in the Tilley and Terry technique for evaluating local, gramminaceous forages. Use of equine faeces was also investigated in view of the prevalence of equines in some tropical countries. It was also hypothesised that equines, being hind-gut fermentors, would yield faeces containing more micro-organisms than faeces from bovines, with a consequent improvement in digestibility.

scholarly journals Imitation Learning System Design with Small Training Data for Flexible Tool Manipulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-677
Author(s):  
Harumo Sasatake ◽  
Ryosuke Tasaki ◽  
Takahito Yamashita ◽  
Naoki Uchiyama ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Robot Arm ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Human Labor

Population aging has become a major problem in developed countries. As the labor force declines, robot arms are expected to replace human labor for simple tasks. A robotic arm attaches a tool specialized for a task and acquires the movement through teaching by an engineer with expert knowledge. However, the number of such engineers is limited; therefore, a teaching method that can be used by non-technical personnel is necessitated. As a teaching method, deep learning can be used to imitate human behavior and tool usage. However, deep learning requires a large amount of training data for learning. In this study, the target task of the robot is to sweep multiple pieces of dirt using a broom. The proposed learning system can estimate the initial parameters for deep learning based on experience, as well as the shape and physical properties of the tools. It can reduce the number of training data points when learning a new tool. A virtual reality system is used to move the robot arm easily and safely, as well as to create training data for imitation. In this study, cleaning experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method can accelerate the learning speed of deep learning and acquire cleaning ability using a small amount of training data.

Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. G385-G391 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Elliott ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Arthur Blum ◽  
Ahmed Metwali ◽  
Khurram Qadir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Th 1

Crohn's disease results from dysregulated T helper (Th)1-type mucosal inflammation. Crohn's disease is rare in tropical countries but prevalent in developed countries with temperate climates, in which its incidence rose after 1940. In contrast, exposure to helminthic parasites is common in tropical countries but is rare in developed countries. Helminthic parasites induce immunomodulatory T cell responses in the host. We hypothesize that immunomodulatory responses due to helminths may attenuate excessive Th1-type inflammation. To test that hypothesis, mice were exposed to eggs of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni and then challenged rectally with trinitrobenzesulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce colitis. Schistosome egg exposure attenuated TNBS colitis and protected mice from lethal inflammation. Schistosome egg exposure diminished IFN-γ and enhanced IL-4 production from αCD3-stimulated spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells of TNBS-treated mice. Schistosome egg exposure decreased colonic IFN-γ but increased IL-10 mRNA expression in TNBS-treated mice. Intact signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 was required for attenuation of colitis. Exposure to helminths can decrease murine colonic inflammation.

The Study of ‘Social Change’ in British West Africa

Africa ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Little
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
West Africa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Electric Light ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Foreign Consumption

Opening ParagraphA visitor to West Africa today will find most of the conventional trappings of a western civilization. He can travel on trains and in motor-cars and airplanes, and stay at rest-houses equipped with electric light and a flushed toilet. He can visit African homes furnished in the latest western style in which there is refrigeration and cooking is done by electricity. He will see Africans working in shops, offices, and factories, growing crops for foreign consumption, and leasing and renting land. He will visit churches and schools, play outdoor games, attend dances, performances of amateur dramatics, baby shows, and buy a flag for charity—all these activities being organized by Africans. On the other hand, he will also see a majority of Africans living in huts of wattle and daub and of grass, herding cattle, and cultivating their farms and plots with home-made implements, pounding their food in mortars, crossing rivers in dug-out canoes, dancing to the music of wooden drums, and worshipping ancient gods and spirits.

Preventive Medicine and Superstition in Nigeria

Africa ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladele A. Ajose
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Western World ◽  
Full Benefit ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe peoples of the Western world, and not a few Africans who have adopted some Western ideas, are apt to think that in matters of hygiene and preventive medicine the peoples of Nigeria owe all their useful practices solely to Western civilization, while the traditional theories and practices are merely superstitions. But in fact, when one analyses these, one finds interwoven with them correct principles of hygiene and preventive medicine. It is true that Nigeria owes a great deal to modern medicine, but had it not been for an existing foundation of practical hygiene and preventive medicine among Nigerian peoples, it would not have been possible for them to derive full benefit from modern practices.

Consensual knowledge and international collaboration: some lessons from the commodity negotiations

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Integrated Program

Consensual knowledge can produce widely varying levels of impact on different international negotiations. In the case of negotiations over UNCTAD's Integrated Program for Commodities, consensual knowledge developed among the experts involved. This consensus tended to support the position taken by the developed countries, thus pointing in a direction already taken for other reasons. Consensus in this case facilitated an agreement, but empirical and theoretical analysis both suggest it may prove to be an incorrect or unstable agreement. The outcome of the commodity negotiations implies that the interaction of key variables, such as uncertainty and the degree of acceptance of the knowledge, might yield different results in other cases. Various specific means might be used more effectively to diffuse expert knowledge among policy makers.

Publishing and Librarianship in Central and Eastern Europe: The Needs to Join Forces

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srećko Jelušić
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Electronic Publishing ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
State Subsidies

Some interesting findings result from an analysis of the post-1990 publishing and bookselling scene in various Central and East European countries (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Yugoslavia). The number of small and medium size publishers is growing, as are the number and diversity of titles published. Bookstore networks are disintegrating, state subsidies to publishing have ceased, and many publishers do not submit legal deposit copies to the national library. Electronic publishing is growing slowly but steadily, and there is an increase in expert assistance and financial subsidies from western countries. Whereas librarianship can continue building on its existing infrastructure, the publishing industry has little professional experience. Both have in common a major interest in information and communication technology, especially electronic publishing and long-term preservation of digital material. The fact that these activities are still in a development stage gives CEE countries some advantage compared with developed countries, but practical advance depends on expert knowledge. There are several areas of possible cooperation between librarianship and publishing in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly concerned with research and education.

Nutrition in East Africa

Africa ◽  
1944 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Culwick
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphBroadly speaking it is true to say that the Colonial Empire woke up all of a sudden, some eight years ago, to the fact that it was faced with nutritional problems of considerable magnitude. In 1936, as part of the outcome of a debate on world nutrition at Geneva in the previous September, the British Colonial Secretary asked for a report from each colony on the state of nutrition within its borders. The chorus of woe evoked by this was startling in its unanimity and showed that the little heeded scientific voices of the preceding years had after all been saying something of the greatest importance.

A New Look at France

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-281
Author(s):  
Shepard B. Clough
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
The West ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
American Interest ◽  
Modern France ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Power Arrangements

Of recent years American interest in France has taken a new turn, for France has become the chief Continental ally of the United States in its power arrangements to prevent Russian aggression, and a bastion in the defense of those values which are the very foundation of Western civilization. Indeed, France occupies, in spite of the events of 1940, a stronger position in the West of Europe than it held in the period between the two World Wars. Now the French have alliances in which they can put confidence and from which they can get real support if the crisis comes. And then, as Professor André Siegfried, the dean of commentators upon French affairs and upon Franco-American relations, has written in the opening paragraph of Modern France: “With the countries of Eastern Europe looking in a new direction, with a defeated Germany no longer in a dominant position economically or politically, France has of necessity become the center of the entire Continental system.” The nation has moved into a partial but temporary vacuum.

scholarly journals The Association between Air Temperature and Mortality in Two Brazilian Health Regions

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolmir Ercides Péres ◽  
Andreia F. S. Ribeiro ◽  
Ana Russo ◽  
Baltazar Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
General Mortality

Air temperature, both cold and hot, has impacts on mortality and morbidities, which are exacerbated by poor health service and protection responses, particularly in under-developed countries. This study was designed to analyze the effects of air temperature on the risk of deaths for all and specific causes in two regions of Brazil (Florianopolis and Recife), between 2005 and 2014. The association between temperature and mortality was performed through the fitting of a quasi-Poisson non-linear lag distributed model. The association between air temperature and mortality was identified for both regions. The results showed that temperature exerted influence on both general mortality indicators and specific causes, with hot and cold temperatures bringing different impacts to the studied regions. Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular deaths were more sensitive to cold temperatures for Florianopolis and Recife, respectively. Based on the application of the very-well documented state-of-the-art methodology, it was possible to conclude that there was evidence that extreme air temperature influenced general and specific deaths. These results highlighted the importance of consolidating evidence and research in tropical countries such as Brazil as a way of understanding climate change and its impacts on health indicators.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document