Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopic Imaging of the Brain: Application of fmri and fmrs to Reading Disabilities and Education

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd L. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Diffusion Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Mr Diffusion

This tutorial/review covers functional brain-imaging methods and results used to study language and reading disabilities. Although the main focus is on functional MRI and functional MR spectroscopy, other imaging techniques are discussed briefly such as positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencepholography (MEG), and MR diffusion imaging. These functional brain-imaging studies have demonstrated that dyslexia is a brain-based disorder and that serial imaging studies can be used to study the effect of treatment on functional brain activity.

scholarly journals Non-contact acquisition of brain function using a time-extracted compact camera

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamasa Ando ◽  
Tatsuya Nakamura ◽  
Toshiya Fujii ◽  
Teruhiro Shiono ◽  
Tasuku Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Optical Tomography ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
High Density ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Functional Brain

AbstractA revolution in functional brain imaging techniques is in progress in the field of neurosciences. Optical imaging techniques, such as high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), in which source-detector pairs of probes are placed on subjects’ heads, provide better portability than conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) equipment. However, these techniques remain costly and can only acquire images at up to a few measurements per square centimetre, even when multiple detector probes are employed. In this study, we demonstrate functional brain imaging using a compact and affordable setup that employs nanosecond-order pulsed ordinary laser diodes and a time-extracted image sensor with superimposition capture of scattered components. Our technique can simply and easily attain a high density of measurement points without requiring probes to be attached, and can directly capture two-dimensional functional brain images. We have demonstrated brain activity imaging using a phantom that mimics the optical properties of an adult human head, and with a human subject, have measured cognitive brain activation while the subject is solving simple arithmetical tasks.

scholarly journals Cerebral Substrates for Controlling Rhythmic Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Naho Konoike ◽  
Katsuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
The Brain

Our daily lives are filled with rhythmic movements, such as walking, sports, and dancing, but the mechanisms by which the brain controls rhythmic movements are poorly understood. In this review, we examine the literature on neuropsychological studies of patients with focal brain lesions, and functional brain imaging studies primarily using finger-tapping tasks. These studies suggest a close connection between sensory and motor processing of rhythm, with no apparent distinction between the two functions. Thus, we conducted two functional brain imaging studies to survey the rhythm representations relatively independent of sensory and motor functions. First, we determined brain activations related to rhythm processing in a sensory modality-independent manner. Second, we examined body part-independent brain activation related to rhythm reproduction. Based on previous literature, we discuss how brain areas contribute rhythmic motor control. Furthermore, we also discuss the mechanisms by which the brain controls rhythmic movements.

Neurophysiology of Yoga Meditation

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy King ◽  
Ann Brownstone
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Pure Consciousness ◽  
Yoga Therapy ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Yoga Meditation

Recent neuroimaging studies of brain function have led to an explosion of knowledge about psychological processes and states. In this paper functional brain imaging studies of Yoga meditation are reviewed. Tantra-based meditations activate frontal and occipital cortical regions involved in focused, sustained attention and visual imagery. The overall pattern of brain activation in Tantra-based meditations is similar to that of self-hypnosis but different from that of sleep onset. Pure consciousness, the ultimate aim of Vedanta-based meditation, also activates frontal cortical areas regulating focused attention but deactivates sensory areas involved in imagery. Functional brain imaging studies thus support the distinction between meditation with conceptual support and pure-consciousness meditation without conceptual support, a distinction that appears throughout Yoga meditation texts. Brain imaging investigations also explain how Yoga therapy may be helpful to those with anxiety disorders by reducing activity in brain regions linked to the processing of negative emotions.

The Oxford Handbook of Functional Brain Imaging in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences

2014 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Source Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cognitive Neurosciences

A large part of the contemporary literature involves functional neuroimaging. Yet few readers are sufficiently familiar with the various imaging methods, their capabilities and limitations, to appraise it correctly. To fulfill that need is the purpose of this Handbook, which consists of an accessible description of the methods and their clinical and research applications. The Handbook begins with an overview of basic concepts of functional brain imaging, magnetoencephalography and the use of magnetic source imaging (MSI), positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The authors then discuss the various research applications of imaging, such as white matter connectivity; the function of the default mode network; the possibility and the utility of imaging of consciousness; the search for mnemonic traces of concepts the mechanisms of the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories; executive functions and their neuroanatomical mechanisms; voluntary actions, human will and decision-making; motor cognition; language and the mechanisms of affective states and pain. The final chapter discusses the uses of functional neuroimaging in the presurgical mapping of the brain.

MP81-12 FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING SHOWS A CORRELATION BETWEEN DISTENDED SEMINAL VESICLES AND SPECIFIC BRAIN ACTIVITY IN HEALTHY MEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 197 (4S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Weisstanner ◽  
Manuela Wapp ◽  
Martin Schmitt ◽  
Stefan Puig ◽  
Livio Mordasini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Functional Brain

scholarly journals Tryptophan Research in Panic Disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. IJTR.S929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Maron ◽  
Jakov Shlik ◽  
David J. Nutt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Genetic Association ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Considerable Body

A considerable body of evidence suggests the involvement of serotonin neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. Research on pathways and functions of tryptophan, an essential amino acid converted into serotonin, may advance our understanding of serotonergic actions in panic disorder and related phenomena. The investigative approaches in this field include manipulations of tryptophan availability as well as genetic association and functional brain imaging studies. In this review we examine the principle findings of these studies and propose further research directions.

scholarly journals Modern Trends in Imaging IX: Biophotonics Techniques for Structural and Functional Imaging,In Vivo

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 317-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasaman Ardeshirpour ◽  
Amir H. Gandjbakhche ◽  
Laleh Najafizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cancer Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Breast Cancer Imaging ◽  
Functional Brain

In vivooptical imaging is being conducted in a variety of medical applications, including optical breast cancer imaging, functional brain imaging, endoscopy, exercise medicine, and monitoring the photodynamic therapy and progress of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the past three decades,in vivodiffuse optical breast cancer imaging has shown promising results in cancer detection, and monitoring the progress of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The use of near infrared spectroscopy for functional brain imaging has been growing rapidly. In fluorescence imaging, the difference between autofluorescence of cancer lesions compared to normal tissues were used in endoscopy to distinguish malignant lesions from normal tissue or inflammation and in determining the boarders of cancer lesions in surgery. Recent advances in drugs targeting specific tumor receptors, such as AntiBodies (MAB), has created a new demand for developing non-invasivein vivoimaging techniques for detection of cancer biomarkers, and for monitoring their down regulations during therapy. Targeted treatments, combined with new imaging techniques, are expected to potentially result in new imaging and treatment paradigms in cancer therapy. Similar approaches can potentially be applied for the characterization of other disease-related biomarkers. In this chapter, we provide a review of diffuse optical and fluorescence imaging techniques with their application in functional brain imaging and cancer diagnosis.

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