Reciprocal Transplant Reveals Sources of Variation in Growth Rates of the Lizard Sceloporus Undulatus

Ecology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1992-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Niewiarowski ◽  
Willem Roosenburg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant ◽  
Sceloporus Undulatus ◽  
Sources Of Variation

COMPARATIVE GROWTH RATES OF SHORTHORN AND CROSSBRED BEEF CALVES FROM BIRTH TO 1 YEAR OF AGE

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hidiroglou ◽  
W. A. Jordan ◽  
G. M. Carman ◽  
C. Bernard ◽  
L. A. Charette
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Sources Of Variation

During the 3 years 1959, 1960, and 1961 the purebred Shorthorn herds at the Experimental Farms at Ottawa, Lennoxville, and Kapuskasing were randomly bred to Shorthorn, Angus, Hereford, and Charolais bulls. Three bulls per breed were used each year. Birth weights and rate of gain from birth to 1 year of age were measured in the 254 calves produced. Breed of sire, sex, year of birth, and age of dam were found to be significant sources of variation contributing to weight at birth, but only breed of sire was a significant source of variation in the rate of gain from birth to 1 year of age. Charolais-sired calves were heaviest at all ages, and Hereford next heaviest at all ages. Angus-sired calves were lightest at birth two years of three, but at weaning they were heavier than the purebred Shorthorn calves. The purebred Shorthorns were lightest at weaning and at 1 year of age.

scholarly journals Trait dimensionality explains widespread variation in local adaptation

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20141570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailene MacPherson ◽  
Paul A. Hohenlohe ◽  
Scott L. Nuismer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

All species are locked in a continual struggle to adapt to local ecological conditions. In cases where species fail to locally adapt, they face reduced population growth rates, or even local extinction. Traditional explanations for limited local adaptation focus on maladaptive gene flow or homogeneous environmental conditions. These classical explanations have, however, failed to explain variation in the magnitude of local adaptation observed across taxa. Here we show that variable levels of local adaptation are better explained by trait dimensionality. First, we develop and analyse mathematical models that predict levels of local adaptation will increase with the number of traits experiencing spatially variable selection. Next, we test this prediction by estimating the relationship between dimensionality and local adaptation using data from 35 published reciprocal transplant studies. This analysis reveals a strong correlation between dimensionality and degree of local adaptation, and thus provides empirical support for the predictions of our model.

scholarly journals Minimal variation in eutherian brain growth rates during fetal neurogenesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1854) ◽  
pp. 20170219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Halley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Eye Opening

A central question in the evolution of brain development is whether species differ in rates of brain growth during fetal neurogenesis. Studies of neonatal data have found allometric evidence for brain growth rate differences according to physiological variables such as relative metabolism and placental invasiveness, but these findings have not been tested against fetal data directly. Here, we measure rates of exponential brain growth acceleration in 10 eutherian mammals, two marsupials, and two birds. Eutherian brain acceleration exhibits minimal variation relative to body and visceral organ growth, varies independently of correlated growth patterns in other organs, and is unrelated to proposed physiological constraints such as metabolic rate or placental invasiveness. Brain growth rates in two birds overlap with eutherian variation, while marsupial brain growth is exceptionally slow. Peak brain growth velocity is linked in time with forebrain myelination and eye opening, reliably separates altricial species born before it from precocial species born afterwards, and is an excellent predictor of adult brain size ( r 2 = 0.98). Species with faster body growth exhibit larger relative brain size in early ontogeny, while brain growth is unrelated to allometric measures. These findings indicate a surprising conservation of brain growth rates during fetal neurogenesis in eutherian mammals, clarify sources of variation in neonatal brain size, and suggest that slow body growth rates cause species to be more encephalized at birth.

scholarly journals Botrytis cinerea in raspberry in Serbia II: Growth rate and virulence of isolates

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brankica Tanovic ◽  
Jovana Hrustic ◽  
Milica Mihajlovic ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Goran Delibasic
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Mycelial Growth Rate ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Growing Region

Growth rate and virulence of 130 isolates of Botrytis cinerea, derived from raspberry fruit originating from six commercial fields in a raspberry growing region of Serbia and classified in two morphological and four genetic groups were studied. The results showed significant differences in mycelial growth rate among the isolates. The highest and lowest recorded growth rates were 24.5 mm/day and 8.4 mm/day, respectively, while the growth rate of most isolates ranged from 15.8 to 21.8 mm/day. The growth rate of isolates that belong to different morphological and genetic subgroups varied similarly. Furthermore, growth rate intervals of all subgroups overlapped, suggesting that the groups cannot be distinguished based on growth rates of the isolates contained. The studied B. cinerea isolates exibited different levels of virulence towards vine, sunflower and raspberry leaves, while an analysis of variance revealed that both the isolates and the inoculated host species were significant sources of variation (P<0.01). Sunflower and raspberry leaves were significantly more sensitive than vine leaves. However, correlation between isolate virulence and different hosts was not found.

Reduced growth rates of hair in mice following radiation

1966 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Malkinson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates

Institutional Theory of Endless Redistribution

2005 ◽  
pp. 4-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sonin
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Private Protection ◽  
The Rich

In unequal societies, the rich may benefit from shaping economic institutions in their favor. This paper analyzes the dynamics of institutional subversion by focusing on public protection of property rights. If this institution functions imperfectly, agents have incentives to invest in private protection of property rights. The ability to maintain private protection systems makes the rich natural opponents of public protection of property rights and precludes grass-roots demand to drive the development of the market-friendly institution. The economy becomes stuck in a bad equilibrium with low growth rates, high inequality of income, and wide-spread rent-seeking. The Russian oligarchs of the 1990s, who controlled large stakes of newly privatized property, provide motivation for this paper.

Waiting for a New Model of Growth: Russia’s Social and Economic Development in 2013

2014 ◽  
pp. 4-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mau
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
New Model ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Economic Risks

The paper deals with Russian social and economic development in 2013 and prospects for the next year or two. The author discusses the logic and trends of the global crisis started in 2008. This is the basis for further analysis of current Russian economic performance with special emphasis on the problem of growth rates deceleration. Special attention is paid to economic risks and priorities of economic policy.

Impacts of Paris Agreement on Russian economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Makarov ◽  
C. Henry ◽  
V. P. Sergey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Climate Policies

The paper applies multiregional CGE Economic Policy Projection and Analysis (EPPA) model to analyze major risks the Paris Agreement on climate change adopted in 2015 brings to Russia. The authors come to the conclusion that if parties of the Agreement meet their targets that were set for 2030 it may lead to the decrease of average annual GDP growth rates by 0.2-0.3 p. p. Stricter climate policies beyond this year would bring GDP growth rates reduction in2035-2050 by additional 0.5 p. p. If Russia doesn’t ratify Paris Agreement, these losses may increase. In order to mitigate these risks, diversification of Russian economy is required.

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