Pattern of Distribution of Townsville Stylo, Annual Grasses and Perennial Grasses in Relation to Soil Variation

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
R. L. McCown ◽  
G. G. Murtha ◽  
J. B. F. Field
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Soil Variation ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Townsville Stylo

Botanical and chemcial composition of a Townsville stylo-spear grass pasture in relation to conception rate of cows

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 993 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Ritson ◽  
LA Edye ◽  
PJ Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Townsville Stylo

A previously described experiment designed to study the effect of stocking rate, superphosphate, and conservation of hay on the fertility of cows had shown that only superphosphate significantly increased the conception rate. The present paper discusses the nutritional adequacy of the pastures for breeding cows. All experimental factors significantly influenced yield and botanical composition. Pastures at the lower of two stocking rates remained dominated by perennial grasses while those at the higher rate became dominated by Townsville stylo and annual grasses. Conservation of hay increased annual species, and superphosphate increased Townsville stylo in lightly grazed pastures. Pasture yield was adequate at the lower stocking rate but became limiting at the higher rate. Superphosphate increased pasture yields during the third and fourth year. Superphosphate increased the phosphorus and sulphur contents of the three major components —Townsville stylo, perennial grasses, and annual grasses, the nitrogen content of Townsville stylo, and the sodium content of perennial and annual grasses. Stocking rate affected chemical composition in the third and fourth year: the high stocking rate increased the nitrogen contents of the three major components, the phosphorus and sulphur contents of Townsville stylo and perennial grasses, and the sodium contents of perennial and annual grasses. Cow conception rate was significantly and positively correlated with the phosphorus contents of the three major components, the sulphur content of Townsville stylo, and three yield attributes of annual grasses (dry matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen yield). The phosphorus content of all three components was less than 0.15% for much of the year at the two lower rates of superphosphate; only at the highest rate did the pastures approach an adequate phosphorus content for pregnant and lactating cows. Phosphorus and sulphur deficiency could have limited the utilization of Townsville stylo protein by cattle on unfertilized pastures. Superphosphate at a rate of 126 kg/ha a year was adequate for maintaining Townsville stylo above the critical plant value for phosphorus, but inadequate to satisfy the phosphorus requirements of pregnant and lactating cows.

Effect of Artificial Grassland Establishing on the Vegetation Restoration in the Degraded Ecosystem

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3474-3478
Author(s):  
Tie Jun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Degraded Ecosystem ◽  
Annual Grasses

Experiment was executed to plant Bromus inermis artificially in the degraded ecosystem, and study effect of grass planting on vegetation restoration. The results indicated that natural vegetation restored rapidly in the degraded ecosystem in two years after grass planted. But species diversity changed little in the early period of vegetation restoration, while vegetation biomass, coverage and anti-interference improved quickly. In addition, species number and important value of perennial grasses increased while those of annual grasses decreased. Then community composition with annual plants mainly changed gradually into that with perennial plants mainly after Bromus inermis planted. However, overground biomass and coverage of restored vegetation and dominance of Bromus inermis planted decreased after vegetation cut once a year. And species diversity and important value of annual grasses increased. Thus it could be good for uniformity of species distribution and stability of community composition and structure to develop.

Forage production for dairy farming in terms of the Research Station “Poyma”

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
А.А. Анисимов ◽  
П.И. Комахин ◽  
В.Н. Золотарев
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Animal Product ◽  
Advanced Experience ◽  
Stable Production ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Silage Production

Важнейшей проблемой продовольственной безопасности страны является уровень обеспеченности населения молочными продуктами. В связи с этим большое значение имеет опыт работы передовых хозяйств такого профиля в определённых почвенно-климатических и природно-экологических условиях. ФГБУ «Опытная станция «Пойма» является одним из наиболее эффективных хозяйств в Московской области по производству молока. Общая площадь сельскохозяйственных угодий составляет 6135 га, из них 2000 га пашни. В структуре посевных площадей 95% и более занимают кормовые культуры, в том числе 12–14% — однолетние травы, 68–70% — многолетние травы и природные кормовые угодья, 15–16% — кукуруза на силос. Основное производство кормов сосредоточено на высокоплодородных пойменных землях, на долю которых приходится 84% кормовых угодий. В статье изложены результаты системного применения достижений науки и передового опыта по стабильному производству высококачественных объёмистых кормов. Проведён анализ состояния кормопроизводства и животноводства хозяйства с 1982 по 2020 год, освещены научные подходы к увеличению производства кормов и животноводческой продукции. Системное освоение передовых научных разработок по созданию высокопродуктивных кормовых посевов и стабильному производству высококачественных объёмистых кормов, их рациональному хранению и использованию, техническая модернизация позволили увеличить среднегодовой надой на корову с 4079 до 9708 кг, или более чем в 2,3 раза, при одновременном снижении расхода кормов на 1 кг молока с 1,37 до 0,90 корм. ед. при повышении рентабельности с 16 до 28%. Food safety of the country is highly affected by the availability of milk products. Therefore, the experience of leading farms is of great importance under certain environmental conditions. The Research Station “Poyma” is one of the leading milk producers in the Moscow region. Its fields occupy around 6135 ha. The proportion of forage crops amounts to 95% including 12–14% of annual grasses, 68–70% of perennial grasses and natural forage lands as well as 15–16% of maize for silage production. 84% of the total cultivation area are high-fertile floodlands. This article focuses on the application of the latest scientific findings and advanced experience for stable production of high-quality bulk fodder. The efficiency of forage production and Animal Husbandry was analyzed in the period from 1982 to 2020. The methods and practices were reviewed to optimize forage and animal product resources. Average annual milk yield was improved from 4079 to 9708 kg per cow, or by more than 2.3 times due to the introduction of the latest findings into the production process including the cultivation of high-productive forage crops, stabilization of bulk fodder supplies, feed effective storage and use. Forage consumption dropped from 1.37 to 0.90 feed units for the production of 1 kg of milk, payback increased from 16 to 28%.

Restoration of Exotic Annual Grass-Invaded Rangelands: Importance of Seed Mix Composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Davies ◽  
Dustin D. Johnson ◽  
Aleta M. Nafus
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grass ◽  
Resistance To Invasion ◽  
Plant Life Form

AbstractRestoration of exotic annual grass-invaded rangelands is needed to improve ecosystem function and services. Increasing plant species richness is generally believed to increase resistance to invasion and increase desired vegetation. However, the effects of species richness and individual plant life forms in seed mixes used to restore rangelands invaded by exotic annual grasses have not been investigated. We evaluated the effects of seeding different life forms and increasing species richness in seed mixes seeded after exotic annual grass control to restore desirable vegetation (perennial herbaceous vegetation) and limit exotic annual grasses at two sites in southeastern Oregon. We also investigated the effects of seeding two commonly used perennial grasses individually and together on plant community characteristics. Large perennial grasses, the dominant herbaceous plant life form, were the most important group to seed for increasing perennial herbaceous vegetation cover and density. We did not find evidence that greater seed mix species richness increased perennial herbaceous vegetation or decreased exotic annual grass dominance more than seeding only the dominant species. None of the seed mixes had a significant effect on exotic annual grass cover or density, but the lack of a measured effect may have been caused by low annual grass propagule pressure in the first couple of years after annual grass control and an unusually wet-cool spring in the third year post-seeding. Although our results suggest that seeding only the dominant plant life form will likely maximize plant community productivity and resistance to invasion in exotic annual grass-invaded northern Great Basin arid rangelands, seeding a species rich seed mix may have benefits to higher tropic levels and community stability. Clearly the dominant species are the most prudent to include in seed mixes to restore exotic annual grass-invaded plant communities, especially with finite resources and an increasingly large area in need of restoration.

Correlations between environmental factors, the biomass of exotic annual grasses and the frequency of native perennial grasses

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja I. Lenz ◽  
José M. Facelli
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grasses ◽  
Native Perennial Grass

The species composition of temperate grasslands in the mid-north of South Australia has been radically altered from a system dominated by native perennial grasses to a system dominated by Mediterranean annual grasses. This study investigated the importance of chemical and physical soil characteristics, topographical features and climatic variables on the abundance of native and exotic grass species in nine ungrazed grasslands. Overall, climatic and other abiotic factors were highly variable. In addition, past management practices and original species composition are generally unknown, leading to further unexplained variation in the data. On a large spatial scale (among sites), the abundance of exotic annual grasses was positively correlated with mean annual rainfall, and on any scale, with finer soil textures and higher soil organic carbon levels. The most abundant annual grass, Avena barbata (Pott ex Link), was generally associated with soil factors denoting higher soil fertility. The abundance of native perennial grass species was not correlated with any environmental variables at any scale. The various native perennial grass species did not show clear associations with soil factors, although they tended to be associated with factors denoting lower soil fertility. However, at small spatial scales (within some sites) and among sites, the abundances of exotic annual and native perennial grasses were strongly negatively correlated. The results suggest that at the present time, rainfall and soil properties are important variables determining the abundance of annual grasses. The driving variables for the abundance of perennial grasses are less clear. They may be controlled by other factors or extreme rainfall events, which were not surveyed. In addition, they are likely to be controlled by competitive interactions with the annual grasses.

Herbicides for the control of grass weeds in pastures of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
IMW Wood
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Townsville Stylo

The use of herbicides to control annual grasses in pastures of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) was studied at Katherine, N.T. The herbicides chlorthal, trifluralin, benefin, sindone B, and siduron all controlled the annual grasses Digitaria adscendens and Brachiaria ramosa. The outstanding herbicide was chlorthal, which at 6 lb a.i. an acre pre-emergence gave a Townsville stylo dry matter yield of 3250 lb an acre compared with 1130 lb an acre for the unweeded control and 2440 lb an acre for the handweeded control. At maturity there was no grass in the chlorthal plots and 1940 lb an acre in the unweeded control plots. The data suggest that, without defoliation during the growing period, total suppression of Townsville stylo can be expected when the grass population at establishment exceeds 37 per cent of the total plant population.

The impact of pasture development and grazing on water-yielding catchments in the Murray - Darling Basin in south-eastern Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Johnston ◽  
D. L. Garden ◽  
A. Rančić ◽  
T. B. Koen ◽  
K. B. Dassanayake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
Productivity Gain ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
The Impact

Experiments conducted from November 1996 to June 2002 in adjacent small catchments near Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, compared the productivity and hydrology of a heavily fertilised (about 30 kg phosphorus/ha.year) Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) pasture with that of a lightly fertilised (about 14 kg phosphorus/ha every second year) native grassland that contained a mixture of C3 and C4 perennial grasses, dominantly C4 Bothriochloa macra (redgrass).In summer, the native catchment was dominated by C4 perennial grasses while the phalaris catchment was dominated by annual C4 weedy species. During the cooler months, the phalaris pasture contained higher proportions of Vulpia spp., and other less-desirable annual grasses. Throughout the experiment, the native catchment was dominated by redgrass, whereas in the phalaris catchment the persistence of phalaris declined. Redgrass became prominent on the more arid aspects of the phalaris catchment as the experiment progressed.Pasture production in the phalaris catchment was higher in most seasons than the native catchment, which resulted in an overall stocking rate advantage of about 80%. The productivity gain per unit of P input was 0.4 for the phalaris catchment compared with 1 for the native catchment, implying that phosphorus was applied to the phalaris catchment at an excessive rate.During wet periods the native catchment produced substantially more runoff than the phalaris catchment, while in dry times it developed substantially larger soil water deficits. Runoff from the phalaris catchment was higher in suspended and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus than for the native catchment. Higher runoff from the native catchment combined with its drier soil profile in summer indicated that its deep drainage potential was less than in the phalaris catchment.

Changes in spider assemblages along grassland and savanna grazing gradients in northern Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Churchill ◽  
J. A. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Patch Type ◽  
Habitat Changes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Shrub Canopy ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Habitat

Spiders are beneficial predators that respond to those land uses that modify their habitat. Cattle grazing is an extensive land use across northern Australian rangelands, yet the impact of grazing on spider habitat is poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the way in which spider assemblages varied between grassland and savanna habitats in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory, and also between dry and wet seasons in the savanna habitat. We also investigated changes in spider assemblages, and some common taxa, with distance from cattle watering points, which was used as a surrogate for a gradient in grazing intensity. Spiders were sampled using pitfall traps and sweep nets along two distance from water-grazing gradients. The first gradient was in savanna on calcareous red loam soils at Kidman Springs, and the second was in grassland on cracking black clays at Mount Sanford. Ordinations revealed that spider assemblages differed between grassland and savanna, and between the late-wet and late-dry seasons in savanna. Spider assemblages also markedly changed along the two distance-grazing gradients in response to habitat changes. For example, orb weavers in the family Araneidae increased in abundance as the cover of perennial grasses and litter increased with distance from water; this response was consistent for both grassland and savanna gradients. Patch type was also important to the distribution of spiders. For example, more individuals of Habronestes sp. were caught when the local habitat was patches of perennial grasses rather than patches of annual grasses and litter, bare ground, or tree-shrub canopy. These results suggest that spiders are good indicators of the habitat changes that may occur with grazing in the rangelands of Australia.

scholarly journals Changes in yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) abundance after drought implications for pasture management

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
C.A. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Previous Summer

Yellow bristle grass (YBG) which is a summeractive annual grass reduces pasture quality and becomes unpalatable to stock as panicles mature Farmers are concerned that an extreme drought from November 2007 to March 2008 may have facilitated the spread of YBG and other summeractive annual grass weeds Botanical composition was assessed on 12 Waikato dairy farms in February 2009 and YBG abundance was related to key management factors These findings were compared with data collected from the same farms (February 2008) during the drought Between years ryegrass cover and the proportion of bare ground decreased These components were replaced by two summeractive annual grasses YBG and summer grass and to a lesser extent summeractive perennial grasses clovers and dicots In 2009 YBG cover was negatively associated with summeractive perennial grass cover and pH and positively associated with YBG cover in the previous summer and soil calcium levels

The Influence of Recent Grazing Pressure and Landscape Position on Grass Recruitment in a Semi-Arid Woodland of Eastern Australia.

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
VJ Anderson ◽  
KC Hodgkinson ◽  
AC Grice
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Semi Arid

This study examined the effects of previous grazing pressure, position in the landscape and apparent seed trapping capability of soil surface micro-sites on recruitment of the perennial grass Monachather paradoxa (mulga oats) in a semi-arid woodland. Seedling emergence was counted on small plots which had been kept moist for one month. The plots were on bare ground, or at grass tussocks, or at log mounds, sited in the run-off, interception and run-on zones of paddocks that had been grazed for six years at 0.3 and 0.8 sheep equivalent/ha. Few naturally occurring perennial grass seedlings emerged on any of the sites. The level of previous grazing pressure influenced the recruitment of grasses from natural sources as well as from seed of M. paradoxa broadcast on the soil surface; significantly more grass seedlings recruited in paddocks stocked at 0.3 than at 0.8 sheep/ha. Emergence of the sown grass did not differ significantly between the three zones in the landscape, but trends in the data suggest the interception zone may have been the most favourable. Recruitment from in situ grass seed was highest in the mulga grove (run-on) zone. Most seedlings of the sown grass emerged around the bases of existing perennial grass tussocks, but recruitment of volunteer perennial and annual grasses was more evenly distributed between the mulga log-mounds and perennial grass tussocks. It is concluded that very low levels of readily germinable seed of perennial grasses remained in the soil at the end of the drought and that areas with a history of high grazing pressure have less probability of grass recruitment when suitable rain occurs.

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