Tools Underfoot: Human Trampling as an Agent of Lithic Artifact Edge Modification

1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally McBrearty ◽  
Laura Bishop ◽  
Thomas Plummer ◽  
Robert Dewar ◽  
Nicholas Conard
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Lithic Artifact ◽  
Edge Modification ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Edge Damage ◽  
Tool Types ◽  
Human Trampling

A series of eight replication experiments tests the proposition that human trampling of stone flakes can produce edge damage that mimics deliberate retouch. Retouchlike edge damage, breakage, and other forms of macroscopic mechanical damage were observed on large numbers of pieces in all trampled sets. Experiments measured the relative contributions of three variables-raw material, artifact density, and substrate-in generating damage. Results indicate that while all three factors contribute to some degree, substrate plays the most decisive role, and that artifacts are more likely to exhibit damage if trampled on an impenetrable substrate. It was further found that trampling transforms flakes into pseudo-tools that can be classified as formal tools using a standard typology. Many of these are notched and denticulate pieces, indicating that special caution is needed in behavioral interpretations based on these tool types, and that the European Paleolithic Denticulate Mousterian industry requires critical reassessment.

scholarly journals Study of Carbohydrate Hydrolysis From Arracacha Roots (Arracacia Xanthorriza Bancroft) to Produce Fermentable Sugars

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. e87365
Author(s):  
Darwin Carranza Saavedra ◽  
Jorge Andrés Alvarado Nuñez ◽  
José Fernando Solanilla Duque ◽  
Claudia Patricia Valenzuela Real
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Fermentation Inhibitors ◽  
Carbohydrate Hydrolysis ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
High Yields

In Colombia, approximately 855 840 tons of arracacha are produced each year. The unsalable postharvest arracacha root (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft) is not commercialized, mainly due to mechanical damage or small and misshapen roots. In this work, dry samples were characterized and subjected to two treatments: one using thermal hydrolysis, applying saturated steam at pressures of 0,1034 MPa, 0,2068 MPa, and 0,4137 MPa; and another one using hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in concentrations between 0,252,00 M. Then, the cake resulting from the hydrolysis and filtration process was enzymatically hydrolyzed (Liquozyme SC DS, Novozymes) at 1,5, 5 and 10 KNU/g (pH 6, 80 _C, 2 h). Fermentation inhibitors (acetic acid and furfural) were evaluated in the best pretreatment. The results showed that the treatment with sulfuric acid at 1,00 M (2 h) has high yields in reducing sugars added to enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum level of fermentable carbohydrates per gram of dry sample (1,04 g/g) was also reached. Regarding the fermentation inhibitors of the reducing sugar, a higher concentration of acetic acid was found with a lower furfural content. Therefore, arracacha discards are a promising raw material to increase the supply of bioethanol.

A New Synthesis of Middle Paleolithic Variability

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Rolland ◽  
Harold L. Dibble
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
Artifact Reduction ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Functional Explanations ◽  
Tool Types ◽  
Material Constraints

The familiar debate concerning Middle Paleolithic variability has opposed stylistic vs. functional explanations based on the assumption that tool types and assemblage groups represent discrete, invariant entities. Middle Paleolithic variability, however, actually occurs continuously. Further, recent research shows that raw-material constraints and different degrees of artifact-reduction intensity constitute more basic and observable factors of variability than function and style. Thus, much of the variability in these assemblages appears to have been caused by toolmaking and tool-rejuvenation processes and/or by differential occupation intensity induced by environmental circumstances. The correct interpretation of these Middle Paleolithic assemblages must therefore consider these factors, as well as interregional stylistic drift, function, and diachronic change.

Property Research of Green Concrete Mixed with Lithium Slag and Limestone Flour

2013 ◽  
Vol 765-767 ◽  
pp. 3120-3124
Author(s):  
He Wen
Keyword(s):  
Unit Volume ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Tablet Pc ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Green Concrete ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Lithium Slag

With the wide spreading of wireless devices like mobile and tablet PC, lithium ion battery becomes largely used. During the production of lithium ion batterys raw material, large numbers of lithium slag would come into being whose main chemical components are LiO2,SiO2,Al2O3 etc. Meanwhile,with the rapid developing of urbanization, realty business develops rapidly which leads the use of cement concrete to sharply increase. However, production and application of cement greatly destroys the environment and increases its burden. In order to decrease this kind of burden, an effective method is to decrease the content of cement in concrete per unit volume. If lithium slag is applied to supply cement, not only cement would deduce its damage to environment but also lithium slag may turn waste into wealth. This paper uses composite of levigated lithium slag and limestone flour to research the property of green concrete mixed with lithium slag.

Studies concerning the Uptake of Contact Insecticides.

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Gustatory Sense ◽  
Contact Chemoreceptors ◽  
Glossina Palpalis ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Contact Insecticides

The anatomy of the tarsi and pretarsi of Phormia (Protophormia) terraenovae (R.-D.); Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) and Musca domestica L. is described with particular reference to structures possibly concerned in the action of deposits of contact insecticides. The numerous setae which cover the tarsal segments are distributed in a pattern which is common to all three species. Long spines situated at the distal extremity of each segment are the points of contact with which a fly engages a surface, and which take the thrust as the fly walks. Proximal to the primary spines are two ventral rows of chemoreceptors, protected from mechanical damage by smaller spines. In addition there are lateral and dorsal rows of bristles.Contact chemoreceptors, which have been identified by experiment, are present in large numbers on the tarsi of P. terraenovae and M. domestica. Each chemoreceptor is a differentiated hollow seta possessing an extremely thin frontal membrane of cuticle, in which a lipoid layer appears to be incorporated and through which a lipoid-soluble insecticide might readily penetrate to the sensory neurocytes.Receptors of this type are also present on the tarsi of G. palpalis, though tsetse flies have not been reported to possess a tarsal gustatory sense.The pulvilli of all three species are entirely filled with viscous endocuticle and possess neither nerves, sense organs nor gland cells. The pulvilli are probably less important sites of penetration of insecticide from deposits than are the tarsel chemoreceptors, articulating membranes of setae, and intersegmental joint membranes.Measurements of nerve diameters at different parts of the tarsi are used to interpret the results of Fisher (1952) concerning the action of DDT applied to limited areas of M. domestica. It is concluded that the relative toxicity of DDT at different parts of the body may be correlated with the number of sensory nerve fibres passing close to the site of penetration, but not with the number of sensory end organs directly affected.

Raw-Material Availability and the Organization of Technology

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Andrefsky
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Formal Tool ◽  
Lithic Raw Materials ◽  
Tool Types

Ethnographic examples of stone-tool makers in Australia and archaeological examples from three different areas in the western United States indicate that the availability of lithic raw materials is an important variable conditioning stone-tool production technology. Attributes of availability such as abundance and quality of lithic raw materials condition the production of formal- vs. informal-tool types. Poor-quality raw materials tend to be manufactured into informal-tool designs. High-quality lithic raw materials tend to be manufactured into formal-tool designs when such materials occur in low abundance. When high-quality materials occur in great abundance both formal- and informal-tool designs are manufactured. Other factors, such as residential mobility or sedentism, are found to be less-important determinates of lithic-production technology.

scholarly journals Using mechanical experiments to study Ground Stone Tool use: exploring the formation of percussive and grinding wear traces on limestone tools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Paixao ◽  
Antonella Pedergnana ◽  
Joao Marreiros ◽  
Laure Dubreuil ◽  
Marion Prevost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Reference Collection ◽  
Anthropogenic Alterations ◽  
Tool Types

Ground Stone Tools (GST) have been identified in several Levantine archaeological sites dating to the Middle Paleolithic. These tools, frequently made of limestone, are often interpreted based on their morphology and damage as having been used for knapping flint, and sometimes for breaking animal bones or processing vegetal materials as well. However, the lack of experimental referential collections on limestone is a major obstacle for the identification of diagnostic traces on these types of tools and raw material. In this sense, the understanding of the specific function of these GST and the association between tool types and activity often remains unknown or merely speculative.Recent discoveries at the site of Nesher Ramla revealed one of the largest Middle Paleolithic assemblages of limestone GST. Our use-wear analysis has identified several types of both macro and micro-wear traces on different tools. Such diversity highlights the need for developing an experimental reference collection that can enable detailed comparison between experimental and archaeological use-wear evidence.In this paper, we present the results of mechanical experiments specially designed to understand and quantify major characteristics of macro and micro use-wear traces on limestone GST as a result of three main activities: 1) animal bone breaking, 2) flint knapping and 3) grinding acorns. This study pursues three main goals: a) improving our ability to distinguish natural from anthropogenic alterations on limestone; b) identifying and characterizing differences between wear-traces (macro and micro) produced by different activities, and c) building a reference collection for thorough comparisons of use-wear and residues on archaeological tools.Our results indicate that it is possible not only to identify anthropogenic alterations but also to specifically distinguish the use-wear traces formed on limestone as result of percussive activities of bone and flint. This is shown by controlled experiments allowing variables other than the worked material to remain constant. This study aims to contribute towards establishing an experimental and multi-scale library of use-wear traces on limestone.

scholarly journals Selected excipients and surfactants in oral solid dosage form with extract of Phaseoli pericarpium (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-92
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Marczyński ◽  
Katarzyna Kowalczykiewicz ◽  
Kazimiera Henryka Bodek
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Solid Dosage ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Plant Grown ◽  
Artificial Gastric Juice

Summary Introduction: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an annual plant grown in many countries all over the world including its different varieties in Poland. Herbal raw material are elongated pods – pericarp. Phaseoli pericarpium decreases the glucose blood level. Phaseoli pericarpium extracts manifest duretic properties, can be used in the treatment of edema, kidney diseases with decreased urinary excretion, nephrolithiasis. Objectives: To investigate the usefullness of selected excipients as carriers of dry extract from Phaseolus vulgaris pericarp. Methods: The method of direct tableting was used. In the further stage, the obtained tablets were subjected to appropriate tests. The first stage of the study evaluates Prosolv SMCC 50, PROSOLV EASYtab, EMDEX, Carmellose calcium and PRUV. These were used to manufacture 4 batches of tablets. In the second stage, an oral solid dosage was manufactured on the basis of the formulation composition of batch 1 tablets (Phaseoli pericarpium extract, Prosolv SMCC 50, PRUV). Then, different surfactants (cholesterol oxyethylate nTE = 30, cholesterol oxyethylate nTE = 40, Rofam nTE = 50), were successively added to this formulation, to obtain 3 batches of tablets. All 7 batches were manufactured in the Erweka tableting machine. Then, they were subjected to morphological tests and physicochemical evaluation. The release of active substances to 3 selected acceptor fluids (water, artificial gastric juice, artificial intestinal juice) was measured in accordance with the requirements of the general and specific monographs in European Pharmacopoeia 7. Results: The manufactured tablets had a smooth uniform surface with no stains, spalls or mechanical damage and yellow color originating from the extract. The obtained tablets, with surfactants in their composition, demonstrated pharmaceutical availability slightly higher than batch 1 tablets without surfactants. Conclusions: Excipients applied in appropriate proportions appear to be useful in the manufacturing of uncoated tablets containing extract of Phaseoli pericarpium.

scholarly journals Fusarium Mycotoxins Stability during the Malting and Brewing Processes

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim C. Piacentini ◽  
Sylvie Běláková ◽  
Karolína Benešová ◽  
Marek Pernica ◽  
Geovana D. Savi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability

Mycotoxins are widely studied by many research groups in all aspects, but the stability of these compounds needs further research for clarification. The objective of this study is to evaluate deoxynivalenol and zearalenone stability during all steps of the malting and brewing processes. The levels of these compounds decreased significantly during the production process (barley to beer). During the malting process, the DON levels decreased significantly in the steeping, germination, and malting steps (62%, 51.5%, and 68%, respectively). Considering ZEN, when the levels were compared between barley and the last step of the process, a significant decrease was observed. Most of the mycotoxins produced were transferred to the rootlets and spent grains, which is advantageous considering the final product. Furthermore, the mycotoxin dietary intake estimation was included in this study. The results proved that if the concentrations of target mycotoxins in raw material are under the limits established by the regulations, the levels decrease during the malting and brewing processes and make the beer secure for consumers. The quality of the five commodities involved in the beer process plays a decisive role in the creation of a safe final product.

Qualitative Spot Tests for Rubber Polymers

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 832-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Burchfield
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Spot Tests ◽  
Representative Samples

Abstract To eliminate processing difficulties and ensure the production of standard natural and synthetic rubber reclaims, the scrap used as the raw material must be carefully segregated. When mold markings are lost, or large consignments of miscellaneous scrap are received, methods for distinguishing between the basic polymers are necessary. This paper describes a new color reaction which will serve to characterize natural rubber, GR-S, and Perbunan. Confirmatory tests included in the same operation distinguish between the remaining commercially important types. The procedure is sufficiently rapid to be practical in the testing of representative samples from carload shipments, or for establishing the identity of materials on which indecisive results are obtained by less specific methods. For the routine assortment of scrap, spot tests are proposed, which are carried out by holding impregnated filter paper strips in the smoke emitted when the sample is branded with a metal rod heated to redness. Color changes take place which indicate the nature of the polymer. One test distinguishes between natural rubber and GR-S ; a second is specific for Butyl ; a third differentiates Neoprene-GN, Neoprene-ILS, and Perbunan from one another and from the hydrocarbon rubbers. The spot reactions can be carried out very rapidly, and are particularly useful when large numbers of samples must be examined.

Sticks and Stones: A Possible Experimental Solution to the Question of how the Clacton Spear Point was Made

1989 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Stone Tools ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Experimental Solution ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Sticks And Stones ◽  
Tool Types

Unretouched flakes, Clactonian notches, true notches and a unifacial chopper were all used in a series of experiments on staves of yew wood. The aim of the experiments was to see which of the various Clactonian tool types could best reproduce the sharp, straight-sided taper of the Clacton spear point. Because of the hardness of the wood the experimenter was forced to begin close to the end of the wooden staves. The unretouched flakes when used in an outward whittling motion tended to produce point profiles with rounded tips; these resemble the point of the Lehringen lance. The Clactonian notch, better suited to an inward scraping motion, reproduced the same profile as the Clacton spear point. The experiments were repeated on four softer woods than yew in order to see how far the nature of the raw material affected the results. Irrespective of the hardness of the wood, rapid inward scraping consistently produced a point profile resembling the Clacton spear point using both an unretouched flake and Clactonian notches. The sharp, straight-sided taper of the Clacton spear point is therefore interpreted as being a result of the motion and technique of manufacture. Observations were taken on the efficiency and best ways of using the various stone tools used in the experiments. The most efficient of the tool types used for replicating the profile of the Clacton spear point using rapid scraping in an inward motion was the Clactonian notch.

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