Ethnobotanical Aspects of Snaketown, a Hohokam Village in Southern Arizona

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vorsila L. Bohrer
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Optimal Conditions

AbstractThe Hohokam grew maize as early as 300 B.C. Common beans were introduced by Estrella phase (100 B.C.-A.D. 100) and cotton was cultivated by the following phase (A.D. 100-300). Sahuaro and mesquite seeds supplemented agricultural products especially when crops failed. The Hohokam apparently harvested two plantings per year. Opuntia seeds were eaten when crops failed and sedge seeds were consumed during optimal conditions for growth of all local vegetation. Pollen analysis suggests cholla buds were eaten and that there was continual expansion of agricultural land from Sweetwater through Gila Butte phases. Coniferous timbers were incorporated into houses during the last phase (Sacaton, A.D. 1100-1200) of the occupation of Snaketown.

scholarly journals Economic and financial position of agricultural enterprises in the period before the accession to the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 486-494
Author(s):  
Z. Chrastinová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Legal Entities

In the year before the accession to the European Union, the Slovak agricultural sector reported a loss of SKK 2.4 billion and following a profitable year, the earnings were reduced by SKK 2.8 billion. The situation was caused by a number of reasons, namely reduced sales of agricultural products, damage resulting from adverse weather effects (cold weather, hail, drought and  swine fever), as well as widening of the price gap compared to the year before (increasing input prices in agriculture and decreasing purchase prices of agricultural products, especially in livestock production). Legal entities and natural persons experienced mixed business success. While 51% of legal entities made profit, the figure rose to 76% in the group of natural persons. Both the agricultural cooperatives and trading companies performed with a loss. The loss per hectare of agricultural land (a.l.) was substantially lower in the case of business companies. Natural persons - private farmers were profitable over the period. The gap between the profitable and loss-making enterprises has widened. Some 60% of profitable enterprises owned by legal entities made only a small profit below SKK 0.5 million. The loss-making performance was typical for more productive areas of Slovakia. This was related to stronger effects of adverse climate in 2003.

Prospects for increasing the volume of agricultural production for export due to the expansion and intensification of the use of Russian land resources

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Gennadiy A. Polunin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Near Future

The article is devoted to substantiating the prospects for increasing the marginal volumes of agricultural production for export in the next four years. Two scenarios of such production are considered: 1) expansion and 2) intensification of the use of land resources. As part of the development of the first scenario, an analysis of the distribution of unused agricultural land, including arable land, by federal districts was carried out. Also, based on the forecast of the introduction of additional annual volumes of acreage in the subjects of the Federation, the calculation of additional volumes of agricultural production, which can be expected in the next four years, was carried out. The analysis of data on the increase in the yield of export-oriented crops over the past five years has been carried out, in the framework of the second scenario, the calculation of the projected additional yield due to the intensification of agriculture is presented. The results of the study indicate that the intensification of agriculture will have the greatest impact on the growth of production and export of agricultural products in the near future.

AGRICULTURE: THEORY AND CASE LAW

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Оlena Stefan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
And Training

The article, based on a comprehensive analysis of regulations, doctrinal approaches and case law, substantiates the understanding of the term "agriculture" in terms of purpose (use) of land. Direct analysis of regulations revealed that agricultural land is land provided for agricultural production, agricultural research and training activities, location of relevant production infrastructure, including infrastructure of wholesale markets for agricultural products, or intended for these purposes. In turn, the purpose of the land is the permissible limits of land use by citizens and legal entities (acquirers of such a right) established by law and specified by the relevant body (which transfers such land into ownership or use). The basis for determining the purpose of the land is its belonging to the appropriate category. The main criterion, for example, to distinguish agricultural production (agricultural activity) from other activities is the use of agricultural land as the main (basic) means of production. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the term "agriculture" can be understood in its broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the term "agriculture" is the use of land for commercial agricultural production, farming, personal farming, subsidiary agriculture, individual and collective gardening, haymaking and cattle grazing, for research and training purposes, provision of services in agriculture, placement of infrastructure of wholesale markets for agricultural products, as well as other activities on agricultural land, depending on the activities provided by law and the constituent documents of the economic entity. In a narrow sense – this is the purpose of agricultural land. The understanding of the term "agriculture" as the purpose of agricultural land is used by the court in resolving disputes.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN TVER REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1306-1311
Author(s):  
V.I. Berney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Tractor Equipment ◽  
Tver Region ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
Near Future

In the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, since the 90s of the last century, the number of tractor and other agricultural machinery has sharply decreased. If in 1990 there were more than 30 thousand tractors of various capacities in the Tver region, then by 2020 there are 4 thousand tractors left in collective agricultural organizations, and approximately the same number of tractors are in private farms. The reduction occurred more than 8 times, with the remaining equipment having an average age of over 12 years. The renewal of tractor equipment in recent years has been happening at a rate of 1-2% per year, at the same time, 7-8% of the remaining tractors are written off annually. Directly connected with such dynamics is the reduction of acreage, which decreased by about 10 times, to 120 thousand hectares. And only in recent years there has been an increase in cultivated areas to 278 thousand hectares. At present, 551 thousand hectares of agricultural land are used for the production of agricultural products, that is, from 2,575 thousand hectares. Half of the agricultural land is arable land. More than 300 thousand hectares of arable land are idle, overgrown with forest, bushes, hogweed. The age of vegetation, forests on abandoned arable land reaches 10 years. In the near future, most of these lands may be completely decommissioned.

scholarly journals Laser-Induced Biochar Formation through 355 nm Pulsed Laser Irradiation of Wood, and Application to Eco-Friendly pH Sensors

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1904
Author(s):  
Sung-Yeob Jeong ◽  
Chan-Woo Lee ◽  
Jun-Uk Lee ◽  
Yong-Won Ma ◽  
Bo-Sung Shin
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ph Sensor ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Organic Polymer ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Ph Sensors ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Pulsed Laser Irradiation

Due to the limited availability of agricultural land, pH sensing is becoming more and more important these days to produce efficient agricultural products. Therefore, to fabricate eco-friendly and disposable sensors, the black carbon, which is called biochar, is formed by irradiation of a UV pulsed laser having a wavelength of 355 nm onto wood and applying the resulting material as a pH sensor. The surfaces of three types of wood (beech, cork oak, and ash) were converted to the graphitic structure after UV laser irradiation; their morphologies were investigated. In addition, since the content of lignin, an organic polymer, is different for each wood, optimal laser irradiation conditions (laser fluence) needed to form these woods into pH sensors were considered. Depending on the degree of oil-like material generated after laser irradiation, a disposable pH sensor that can be used from one to three times is fabricated; due to the environmental characteristics of wood and biochar, the sensor shows high availability in that it can be easily discarded after use on agricultural land. After that, it can be used as filter in soil. Our wood-based pH sensor sensitively measures sequential changes from pH 4 to pH 10 and shows a very linear change of △R/R, indicating its potential for use in agriculture.

Desertification or Sustainable Yields from Arid Environments

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Cloudsley-Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Multinational Organizations ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
The Cost

Throughout their existence, civilized peoples have been turning their environment into desert. The causes of desertification are well known—overgrazing, the felling of trees for fuel, and bad agricultural practices. Their effects are apparent in disasters such as the Sahel drought and recent famines in Ethiopia, the Sudan, and elsewhere. The population explosion enhances the extent of the environmental degradation. More agricultural land is currently being lost through salinization and waterlogging than is being created by new irrigation schemes, but this is only part of a problem that faces all tropical third-world countries and for which multinational organizations and the affluent nations of temperate regions are, regrettably and often unknowingly, largely responsible.Because the poorer countries receive, for their agricultural products, cash of which the market value does not take into account the cost to the environment of overexploiting the land, they are apparently doomed to a vicious circle of increasing poverty, deprivation, and famine. Yet it is not beyond the abilities of civilization to devise a viable scheme, based upon sound ecological principles, by which the quality of life of desert peoples could be immeasurably improved. Instead of trying to change the land to make it conform to present economic and political expectations, development should be adapted to exploit the potentialities of the environment as it exists. Such a scheme, profiting from the diversity of microenvironments that occur in desert regions, would encompass multiple land-use and the development of numerous small agricultural and other projects—rather than the large-scale schemes hitherto initiated in fragile environments, and which have so often led to large-scale disaster. By adopting it, the world would simultaneously be made both more stable and more productive for the benefit of all its inhabitants.

scholarly journals Design of Programs Using Transferable Development Rights to Preserve Farmland in the Northeast

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl C. Mabbs-Zeno
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Farmland Preservation ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Tax Assessment ◽  
Transferable Development Rights ◽  
Management Institutions ◽  
Property Tax Assessment

Permanent conversion of agricultural land to urban uses has concerned both suppliers and demanders of agricultural products in recent years. Although controversy on the importance of the problems associated with this conversion persists among economists (General Accounting Office, Healy, Plaut), policymakers across the nation have accepted the preservation of farmland as a goal requiring government action. All but two States (Georgia and Mississippi) provide some form of preferential property tax assessment for farmland (Davies and Beiden). Most localities with zoning authority attempt to protect farmland, and several less common land use management institutions have been implemented with farmland preservation as a principal goal.

scholarly journals An Ethnobotanical Study on the Farming System of the Makian Ethnic Group in Halmahera Island, North Maluku

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Muhamad Nikmatullah ◽  
Mulyati Rahayu ◽  
Siti Susiarti ◽  
Marwan Setiawan ◽  
Ida Farida Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Simple Technology

Farming is an activity carried out by humans to utilize biological resources, especially for producing food. Bale Village, Oba District, Tidore, Halmahera Island, North Maluku is inhabited by the Makian ethnic group, originating from Makian Island. They are local transmigrants. In this study, researchers conducted direct observation and interviews with key informants who had expertise and information in agriculture at the research location. The results showed that the farming is carried out in yards (kintal) and fields (doba). The agricultural pattern implemented by the Makian people is still traditional. They still use simple technology. Coconut, nutmeg, cocoa, and coffee are the Makian people’s main commodities. The local wisdom that is still practiced by them is planting and harvesting their agricultural products according to the customs of their ancestors. They also do not sell their agricultural land to outsiders.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Lahan Gambut Menjadi Lahan Potensial untuk Menjaga Ketahanan Pangan di Kalimantan Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Budiman Tampubolon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Food Needs

The role of the agricultural sector as a provider of food and non-food sources is directly related to the 2030 SDGs target of eradicating poverty and hunger. In Kubu Raya, one of the developing areas in the agricultural sector is Rasau Jaya District, with main crops being food crops and vegetables for food security. Agricultural land in Rasau Jaya District is dominated by peatlands with 14,371,392 hectares area. This study aims to determine the form of peatland use into potential land, the role of agriculture as a provider of food and non-food sources, and the form of its use. The method used is remote sensing method and survey method. The results showed that land use in the Rasau Jaya District included rice fields, gardens, fields, moor, yards, settlements, forests, shrubs, water bodies, and vacant land. Food crop agricultural products are used to meet food needs as well as non-food needs such as education and health. Most people use the harvest for personal consumption and for sale. There are still not many people in Rasau Jaya District who process agricultural products into a product. Farmers sell their crops in several ways, among others: directly sold to consumers, sold directly to the market by opening their own kiosks, deposited with middlemen and agents, and taken by investors who invest in farmers. Keywords: peatlands, food security, food crops

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Buah Sisa Sebagai Bioetanol dan Pupuk Organik

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Ricky Yadi ◽  
Eddifa Rahman ◽  
Vetrio Monandes
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Industrial Needs

The needs for added value of agricultural products is increasing, both in the form of health benefits and of reducing pollution waste. The sorting-out fruits that are just wasted can still be used as materials that have added value. In general, fruits contain glucose which is the basic ingredient in processing of bioethanol. Even though the quality has decreased, it still contains glucose which can then be fermented into bioethanol or organic fertilizer. Recently, the pharmaceutical and food and beverage industries require a large supply of bioethanol for further processing according to the industrial needs. Meanwhile, agricultural land is increasingly promoting organic farming. The objective of this activity is to produce new products from fruit waste into bioethanol and organic fertilizers that are useful for both the community and the government so that they can be used as the right solution to reduce environmental pollution and create new business opportunities. Bioethanol processing method uses Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biocatalyst and uses an EM4 activator to produce organic fertilizers. This activity produces an output product in the form of bioethanol 46.78 % and organic fertilizer which contain 1% N.

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