Oxide Emissions Reduction from Combustion Control in a Diesel Engine

The authors showed that the European Union norms for the toxicity of exhaust gases (Euro 1 – Euro 5) contributed to the reduction of main harmful components emissions by several times. In foreign countries, Stage and Tier regulations applied to tractor equipment, which also limited the content of toxic components at the legislative level.(Research purpose) To reduce the content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by more efficient regulation of the fuel charge distribution in the gas-diesel engine cylinder, changes in the concentration of diesel and gas fuel in certain zones, as well as the use of exhaust gas recirculation.(Materials and methods) The authors analyzed the results of modeling the formation of nitrogen oxides by controlling the workflow in the gas-diesel modification of the diesel engine. In the calculations, the geometric parameters of the D-120 engine, operating at 2000 revolutions per minute, with a filling of 0.6-0.9 volume, were used. The average excess air ratio for the charge was 1.2-3.0, and the excess air ratios for the gas-air mixtures did not exceed 1.2-2.5.(Results and discussion) Using the computational model, the authors estimated the parameters at different pressures at the engine inlet within 0.05-0.09 megapascals, as well as with an increase in the residual gas coefficient in the range of 5-15 percent with a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen oxides from 2500 to 1100 parts per million. Experiments showed that when the power changed from 100 to 20 percent, the nitrogen oxides concentration decreased from 1940 to 800 parts per million.(Conclusions) The authors confirmed the adequacy of the calculation model. They determined that a 40-50 percent reduction in the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases was achieved with various layering schemes in the combustion chamber. They found that the standards for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides would require mixed engine regulation. It was proved that recirculation of 15 percent of exhaust gases could reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by another 50 percent.

Methods of Diagnosing of the Parts Status of the Cylinder-Piston Group of Automotive-Tractor Engines under Operating Conditions

Приведены методы диагностирования состояния деталей цилиндропоршневой группы (ЦПГ) двигателей для использования их непосредственно в эксплуатационных условиях автотракторной техники. Методы просты и достоверны, разработаны на основе учёта комплекса внешних проявлений неисправностей указанных деталей, с минимальным использованием диагностических приборов. Разработанные методы могут быть использованы владельцами технических средств, не имеющими производственной базы для проведения технического обслуживания и ремонта автотракторной техники. Применение разработанных методов диагностирования позволит сократить материальные и трудовые затраты при устранении неисправностей деталей ЦПГ двигателей. Methods of diagnostics of parts status of cylinder-piston group (CPG) of engines for their use directly in operational conditions of motor-and-tractor equipment are presented. The methods are simple and reliable, developed on the basis of a complex of outward appearances of these component malfunctions with minimal use of diagnostic devices. The developed methods can be used by owners of technical equipment that do not have a production base for maintenance and repair of motor-and-tractor equipment. The use of the developed diagnostic methods will reduce material and labor costs when troubleshooting the parts of the CPG engines.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN TVER REGION

In the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, since the 90s of the last century, the number of tractor and other agricultural machinery has sharply decreased. If in 1990 there were more than 30 thousand tractors of various capacities in the Tver region, then by 2020 there are 4 thousand tractors left in collective agricultural organizations, and approximately the same number of tractors are in private farms. The reduction occurred more than 8 times, with the remaining equipment having an average age of over 12 years. The renewal of tractor equipment in recent years has been happening at a rate of 1-2% per year, at the same time, 7-8% of the remaining tractors are written off annually. Directly connected with such dynamics is the reduction of acreage, which decreased by about 10 times, to 120 thousand hectares. And only in recent years there has been an increase in cultivated areas to 278 thousand hectares. At present, 551 thousand hectares of agricultural land are used for the production of agricultural products, that is, from 2,575 thousand hectares. Half of the agricultural land is arable land. More than 300 thousand hectares of arable land are idle, overgrown with forest, bushes, hogweed. The age of vegetation, forests on abandoned arable land reaches 10 years. In the near future, most of these lands may be completely decommissioned.

Analysis of training simulators for control of tractor equipment and machine-tractor aggre-gates

The article discusses the relevance of training simulators for controlling tractor equipment and MTA. Using agricultural machinery as an example, the relevance of AR and VR development prospects is shown. The drawbacks of modern training simulators and the possibility of their elimination using VR and AR technologies have been identified. The main directions in augmented reality are considered.

Working Capacity Research of Parts of Valve Timing Gear of Motor-and-Tractor Diesel Engines

Проанализирована работоспособность деталей механизмов газораспределения (МГР) на основе обобщения многолетней эксплуатации двигателей ЯМЗ-236, 238 и их модификаций на автотракторной технике. Установлено, что возникающие неисправности и дефекты в МГР связаны в основном с нарушением эксплуатации и технического обслуживания указанных двигателей. При соблюдении норм эксплуатации и технического обслуживания согласно требованиям руководства по эксплуатации двигателей завода-изготовителя (недопущение «перекрутки» двигателя по частоте вращения коленчатого вала, применение качественных моторных масел, своевременный контроль и регулировка тепловых зазоров) детали МГР обеспечивают работоспособность двигателей до капитального ремонта. Указанный вид ремонта связан с ремонтом или заменой базовых деталей двигателя (блока цилиндров или коленчатого вала). The working capacity of details of mechanisms of valve timing gear (VTG) on the basis of generalization of long-term operation of YaMZ-236, 238 engines and their modifications on the motor-and-tractor equipment is analyzed. It was established that the resulting malfunctions and defects in VTG are mainly associated with a breakdown of service of the operation and maintenance of these engines. If the operating and maintenance standards are met in accordance with the requirements of the maker's engine operations manual (prevention of engine "twisting" by crankshaft speed, use of high-quality motor oils, timely monitoring and adjustment of expansion gaps), the VTG parts ensure the engines working capacity before overhaul. This type of repair is associated with the repair or replacement of basic engine parts (cylinder block or crankshaft).

Исследование расхода масла автотракторными двигателями

В условиях рыночной экономики автотранспорт является основным по перевозке грузов. К нему предъявляются серьёзные требования как по надёжности, так и по экономичности, в частности по расходу топлива и картерного масла двигателей. Рассмотрены вопросы по определению расхода масла двигателя. Установлено, что под расходом масла автотранспортных двигателей понимается его долив от замены до замены. Долив масла до нормы связан с угаром в процессе эксплуатации автотракторной техники. Установлено, что расход масла является величиной переменной, возрастающей по мере увеличения пробега двигателя, вследствие износа деталей цилиндропоршневой группы ДВС. Определено также, что при предельном расходе масла, составляющим тройное увеличение заводского норматива для новых двигателей (перед запуском их в эксплуатацию), эксплуатация должна быть прекращена по экономическим соображениям. Как правило, в данном случае на двигателях заменяются детали цилиндропоршневой группы (поршни, гильзы и поршневые кольца). Расход масла на долив используется и для диагностирования двигателей, а именно по его значению можно определить состояние деталей цилиндропоршневой группы. Авторами приведены методы углублённого диагностирования с целью определения цилиндров, имеющих неисправности.Under free market conditions motor transport is the main transport of goods. Serious requirements are applied to it both in terms of reliability and efficiency in particular for fuel consumption and crankcase oil for engines. The issues of determining the engine oil consumption are considered. It was also established that the consumption of motor oil is understood as topping it up from replacement to replacement. Topping up the oil to normal is associated with burning while in operation of motor-and-tractor equipment. It has been established that oil consumption is a variable increasing as the engine mileage increases due to the wear of parts of the cylinder-piston ICE group. It is determined that with a maximum oil consumption amounting to a triple increase in the factory standard for new engines (before putting them into operation) operating should be stopped for economic reasons. As a rule in this case parts of the cylinder-piston group (pistons, sleeves and piston rings) are replaced on the engines. Oil consumption for topping up is also used to diagnose engines, namely by its value it is possible to determine the condition of parts of the piston-cylinder group. The methods of in-depth diagnosis in order to identify cylinders with malfunctions are presented by the authors.

Justification of cooficients reqiered for correction of rates of detail needs for machine maintenance and repair

When solving the problems of increasing the reliability of automotive and tractor equipment during the regular repair period, a problem of adjusting the norms of the need for spare parts appears. The lack of recommendations for their determination, depending on the operating conditions, determines the need to deepen the analysis, development and refinement of techniques in order to clarify and adjust the normalizing factors.

Determination of the nomenclature of indicators for evaluation and analysis of operational and technical characteristics of internal combustion engines (ICE) of auto-tractor equipment

The article provides performance indicators of internal combustion engines (ICE) of autotractor equipment by means of information exchange via CAN of tyres between electronic control units. The device is classified depending on its fi eld of application, as well as the list of components, operation of which is provided by application of CAN bus. Main values and performance indicators of ICE are indicated when using electronic control units: ACU, CAB, CCU, CLC, ECU, HCU, ICU, PTQ, TEC, VLC.

On the issue of the installation of the purification degree dependence of polluted spent mineral oil on the hydrocyclone constructive and geometrical parameters

The urgency of the issue is reasoned by the necessity to develop environmentally friendly technologies and engineering tools for cleaning emerged mineral oil from insoluble impurities in order to reuse them in the nodes and auto-tractor equipment systems. Hydrocyclone is one of the simplest and most effective means of cleaning waste oil. In order to determine the possibility of hydrocyclone usage in technological lines for purifying oils, it is necessary to establish the influence of its geometrical parameters on the purification quality of such high-viscosity liquid as emerged mineral oils. The purpose of the article is to study theoretically the cylindro-conical hydrocyclone geometrical parameters influence on the purification degree of emerged high-viscosity mineral oils from insoluble and wear debris. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the consideration of the behavior of a non-soluble particle in an oil stream under the influence of forces acting on it, which allows identifying the geometric and regime parameters of a cylindro-conical hydrocyclon. These parameters have the greatest influence on the oil purification degree. The article presents a theoretical justification for the geometrical parameters influence of a cylindrical-conical hydrocyclone on the emerged oil purification degree, a separation criterion, which allows not only determining the optimal size of a hydrocyclone, but also conducting a comparative assessment of hydrocyclones with different geometric parameters by oil purification efficiency from insolubles. Theoretical researches are aimed at determining the cylindro-conical hydrocyclone geometric parameters, depending on the pollution intensity of the emerged mineral oil and the desired degree of its purification from insolubles.

THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SUPPLY ADDITIONAL AIR PARAMETERS FOR FORCED TURBULENCE OF THE CHARGE

The article touches upon the problem of the power unit’s operation, which has been modernized in order to increase its technical, economic and environmental indicators. Namely, it addresses the main issues of quantitative and qualitative mixture formation, the correct location of the fittings for supplying additional air is selected, the effect of additional air on the physical processes occurring in the cylinder of the power unit during its operation is determined. In addition, it considers the theoretical aspects of the dynamics of additional air introduced at the end of the filling and at the beginning of compression in the cylinder of the power unit. All of the above must be done so that the measures taken to improve the technical, economic and environmental indicators of the power unit do not contradict the conditions and requirements that were originally laid down by the manufacturer when developing this power unit. Firstly, today it is quite difficult to achieve this, the reason for this is the fact that the power units each time become more powerful in order to meet all the requirements that arise in the context of fierce competition between different manufacturers, and secondly - a high degree of unification of the constituent parts of automotive - tractor equipment and other transport technological machines and equipment that are equipped with ICE. Based on this, any refinement, even the slightest, leads to significant changes in all the main output parameters of the nodes and assemblies of the machine. In addition, it is necessary, whenever possible, to take into account all types of modernization that have been done by other researchers to improve the abovementioned parameters of the power unit.