Standardization, Labor Investment, Skill, and the Organization of Ceramic Production in Late Prehispanic Highland Peru

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy L. Costin ◽  
Melissa B. Hagstrum
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Work Units ◽  
And Storage

Specialization encompasses many ways to organize craft production, ranging from small, household-based work units to large workshops. Distinctive types of specialization develop in response to various social, economic, and environmental factors, including the demand for crafts, the social relations of producers, and the support base for artisans. These factors in turn influence manufacturing technology. Thus, different types of specialization can be characterized by a “technological profile,” which reflects relative labor investment, skill, and standardization. An analysis of Prehispanic ceramic technology in the central sierra of Peru demonstrates how these technological profiles can be used to identify the ways ceramic production was organized to provision consumers with utilitarian and luxury pottery. As we demonstrate in our analysis of pottery recovered in the Yanamarca Valley, utilitarian Wanka-style cookwares and storage jars were produced by independent household-based artisans, while imperial Inka-style jars were produced by locally recruited corvee labor working for the state.

Songs with Consequences?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Marie Stirr
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Labor Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Musical Exchange

This chapter focuses on the pragmatics of dohori singing in rural songfests. With a comparative focus on different types of songfest across Nepal’s rural hill areas, it addresses how songfests frame performances in ways that allow for particular pragmatic effects. These are based on forms of ritualized material and musical exchange that idealize the production of equality, yet often still reproduce inequality. It tells the history of dohori as a means of communication across social divides, often with significant material stakes in binding contests that could end in marriage. It discusses dohori’s historical connections with labor exchange and marriage exchange to show how this practice of singing is grounded in ways of producing equality and hierarchy. It gives examples of how binding dohori contests or song duels have been considered threats to the social order and how their outcomes have been reintegrated, changing aspects of individuals’ lives and social relations.

scholarly journals The quality of close relationships in adulthood: the role of sociodemographic and environmental factors

TIMS Acta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Nikolina Kuruzović
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Parental Marital Status ◽  
The Relationship

In order to better understand the phenomenon of the quality of different types of close relationships of adults, we have investigated several determinants which define them more clearly. We focused on the relational differences of the respondents according to several sociodemographic (age, gender, employment, marital status and children) and environmental factors (structure and relationships in the family). A total of 400 males and females, ranging from 19 to 51 years, completed a general questionnaire. It collected the data related to sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, as well as the Social Relations Network Inventory (NRI), which assessed the quality of five types of close relationships. The results indicate significant differences between the respondents in the quality of individual close relationships, based on the factors of age, gender, employment, marital status and parenthood, as well as according to the factors of the quality of family relations and parental marital status. The identified differences are particularly pronounced in terms of the quality of the relationship with the mother and the quality of the relationship with the friend, which is explained by the characteristic nature of these relationships, as well as the developmental roles and tasks of the adulthood.

scholarly journals Trauma as counter-revolutionary colonisation: Narratives from (post)revolutionary Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Matthies-Boon ◽  
Naomi Head
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Political Trauma

We argue that multiple levels of trauma were present in Egypt before, during and after the 2011 revolution. Individual, social and political trauma constitute a triangle of traumatisation which was strategically employed by the Egyptian counter-revolutionary forces – primarily the army and the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood – to maintain their political and economic power over and above the social, economic and political interests of others. Through the destruction of physical bodies, the fragmentation and polarisation of social relations and the violent closure of the newly emerged political public sphere, these actors actively repressed the potential for creative and revolutionary transformation. To better understand this multi-layered notion of trauma, we turn to Habermas’ ‘colonisation of the lifeworld’ thesis which offers a critical lens through which to examine the wider political and economic structures and context in which trauma occurred as well as its effects on the personal, social and political realms. In doing so, we develop a novel conception of trauma that acknowledges individual, social and political dimensions. We apply this conceptual framing to empirical narratives of trauma in Egypt’s pre- and post-revolutionary phases, thus both developing a non-Western application of Habermas’ framework and revealing ethnographic accounts of the revolution by activists in Cairo.

scholarly journals Transformational processes and modernization of social structure in post-soviet Russia

2005 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Sava Zivanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Soviet Russia

The paper presents several basic arguments which corroborate the researches of the Russian sociologist Zinaida Golenkova aabout transformational processes in postsoviet Russia, specially about the processes which led to the changes in the social structure of the Russian society. The author believes, relying also on the researches of other Russian scientists, that the transformation of the post-soviet Russian society occurs within the historical type which is called "the social engineering". Unlike the other two types of historical transformation ("modification" within a specific type of social relations and the changes created in "the bourgeois-democratic revolutions"), "the social engineering" implies a specific violation of the historical reality of a society. In author's opinion, "the social engineering" is characteristic both for the revolutionary transformation of Russia in 1917 and for its transformation in the last decade of the 20th century. Namely, the transformations realized in Russia in the last decade of the 20th century to a great degree represent "social engineering", because they are realized with the help of the instruments of political power, by the forceful reforms from the top, in order to form the social-economic structure according to the models which were historically created in significantly different social environments. In that sense, the post-soviet transformation of the Russian society could be designated as a state of social chaos. Such a state to a great degree created a specific social system, which is argu-mentatively discussed in the research studies of Z. Golenkova.

scholarly journals Dampak Perkembangan Perumahan Terhadap Masyarakat di Sekitar Perumahan Kecamatan Baruga, Kota Kendari

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Adhitya Pratama ◽  
Sany Roychansyah ◽  
Yori Hergawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Meningkatnya kebutuhan akan tempat tinggal dan terbatasnya lahan pusat kota menggeser pembangunan perumahan ke pinggiran kota. Wilayah pinggiran kota Kendari yakni Kecamatan Baruga, mengalami perkembangan perumahan yang begitu signifikan dan sporadis. Perkembangan perumahan memicu dampak dari segi sosial, konomi, dan lingkungan terhadap masyarakat lokal di sekitar perumahan yang sudah bermukim sebelum adanya perumahan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengambarkan proses perkembangan perumahan pada Kecamatan Baruga, sekaligus mengkaji dampak perkembangan perumahan tersebut terhadap masyarakat di sekitar perumahan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian campuran (mix method) yaitu penelitian yang menggambungkan antara pedekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Temuan penelitian ini adalah perkembangan perumahan pada Kecamatan Baruga dari aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan tidak memberik dampak positif terhadap masyarakat di sekitar perumahan. Namun dalam aspek sosial perkembangan perumahan berdampak positif terhadap masyarakat di sekitar perumahan. Dari sebelas indikator yang diteliti terkait dampak perkembangan perumahan terhadap kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan masyarakat sekitar perumahan. Hanya terdapat empat indikator yang berdampak positif terhadap masyarakat sekitar perumahan, yakni peningkatan kegiatan sosial, peningkatan hubungan sosial, peningkatan kualitas hidup sosial, peningkatan ketersediaan lampu jalan dan peningkatan pelayanan persampahan. Sedangkan enam indikator lainnya tidak berdampak signifikan lebih baik terhadap masyarakat sekitar perumahan yakni peningkatan pendapatan, peningkatan peluang pekerjaan, perubahan mata pencaharian, peningkatan pemamfaatan perumahan sebagai tempat usaha, peningkatan kondisi jalan, dan peningkatan kondisi drainse.Abstract: The increasing need for housing and limited land in urban center shifts housing development to the suburbs. The suburb of Kendari, Baruga District, experienced significant and sporadic housing developments. The development of housing triggers social, economic, and environmental impacts on local communities around housing that had settled before housing developed there. This research aims to describe the process of housing development in the Baruga District, as well as assess the impact of housing development on the community around the housing. The method used in this study uses a mixed method research approach, which is a research that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings of this study are the development of housing in Baruga Subdistrict from the economic and environmental aspects does not have a positive impact on the community around housing development. But in the social aspects of housing evelopment has a positive impact on the community around housing development. Eleven indicators examined related to the impact of housing development on social, economic and environmental conditions of the community around housing. There are only four indicators that have a positive impact on the community around housing development, which are increasing social activities, improving social relations, improving the quality of social life, increasing the availability of street lights and improving waste services. While the other six indicators did not significantly impact the community around housing development, which are increased income, increased employment opportunities, changes in livelihoods, increased use of housing as a place of business, improved road conditions, and improved drainage conditions.

Reimagined Communities

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-63
Author(s):  
Jenifer L. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Space ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

This chapter argues that the social relations of disability had a profound and long overlooked effect on slave families, communities, and culture. Dismissed and deemed worthless by slaveholders, enslaved people with disabilities occupied a marginalized but uniquely empowered social space. They often escaped sale and provided important labor to their families and communities, representing stability and social cohesion to vulnerable communities threatened by separation and disruption. Shared experiences of disability banded smaller groups of enslaved people together, sometimes across different types of impairment. Broader understandings of certain conditions such as blindness and dwarfism as markers of spiritual power meant that disability figured prominently in healing practices like conjuration and suggest how perceptions of the body played a role in African cultural retentions.

scholarly journals POLÍTICAS DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES E DOCÊNCIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO BRASILEIRO

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Adriana E Silva Sousa ◽  
Dante Henrique Moura
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Type ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
Training Organization ◽  
Formación Docente

O texto discute as relações entre as principais políticas de formação de professores e a precarização das condições de trabalho docente no ensino médio brasileiro, considerando o contexto de reestruturação produtiva instaurado mais fortemente no Brasil a partir da década de 1990. A construção deste texto é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental na qual buscamos entender quais são as principais determinações postas à formação de professores desde a aprovação da atual Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB – Lei nº 9.394/1996). As discussões realizadas mostram que apesar dos avanços propostos pela legislação vigente, ainda há de forma contundente a necessidade de investir esforços na concretização de políticas que integrem formação, carreira, remuneração e condições dignas de trabalho. Além disso, registra-se a permanência de diferentes tipos de organização da formação docente, assim como uma diversidade de instituições que tem contribuído para a precarização do trabalho docente. Contraditoriamente, o professor também pode se constituir em  um novo tipo de trabalhador intelectualizado, potencializando a possibilidade de o professor formar-se na perspectiva contrahegemônica, dominando além dos conhecimentos exigidos pelo capital, aqueles que lhe permitam ter uma compreensão crítica do mundo e das relações sociais e de produção sob a égide do capital.Palavras-chave: Formação de professores. Condições de trabalho. Ensino médio.TEACHER TRAINING POLICIES AND TEACHING IN BRAZILIAN HIGH SCHOOLSAbstract: The text discusses the relations between the main policies of teacher training and precariousness of work conditions for teachers in Brazilian high schools, considering the context of productive restructuring most heavily installed in Brazil beginning in the 1990s. Construction of this text is the result of a bibliographical and document research in which we try to understand the main determinations placed on teacher training are since the approval of the current Law of Directives and Bases of National Education (LDB - Law nº 9.394/1996). Discussions showed that despite advances proposed by current legislation, there is still a need to invest in implementation of policies that integrate training, career, remuneration and decent working conditions. In addition, the existence of different types of teacher training organization has been registered, as well as a diversity of institutions that have contributed to the precariousness of teaching work. In contrast, the teacher can also become a new type of intellectualized worker, potentializing the possibility of the teacher training himself against the hegemonic perspective, dominating beyond the knowledge required by capital, those that allow him to have a critical understanding of the world and the social relations and production under the aegis of capital.Keywords: Teacher training. Work conditions. High school.POLÍTICAS DE FORMACIÓN DE PROFESORES Y DOCENCIA EN LA  ENSEÑANZAMEDIA BRASILEÑAResumen: El texto examina las relaciones entre las principales políticas de formación de profesores y la precarización de las condiciones de trabajo docente en la enseñanza media brasileña, basándose en el contexto dereestructuración productiva establecido de forma más efectiva en Brasil a partir de la década de los noventa. La elaboración de este texto es fruto de una investigación bibliográfica y documental en la que buscamos  comprender cuáles son las principales normas aplicadas a la formación de profesores desde la aprobación de la actual Ley de Directrices y Bases de la Educación Nacional (LDB – Ley nº 9.394/1996). Los planteamientos realizados señalan que pese a los avanzos propuestos por la legislación vigente, aún hay de forma contundente la necesidad de dedicarse más en la concreción de políticas que integren formación, carrera, remuneración y condiciones dignas de trabajo. Además, se nota la permanencia de diferentes tipos de organización de la formación docente, asimismo hay diversas instituciones que contribuyen con la precarización del trabajo docente. Contradictoriamente, el profesor incluso puede constituirse en un nuevo tipo de trabajador intelectualizado, potencializando la posibilidad del maestro formarse en la perspectiva contra hegemónica, dominando no solo los conocimientos exigidos por el capital, sino también los que le permitan una comprensión crítica del mundo, de las relaciones sociales y de producción bajo el amparo del capital.Palabras clave: Formación de profesores. Condiciones de trabajo. Enseñanza media.

scholarly journals POLÍTICAS DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES E DOCÊNCIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO BRASILEIRO

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Adriana e Silva Sousa ◽  
Dante Henrique Moura
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Teacher Formation ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Type ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
Training Organization ◽  
Formación Docente

O texto discute as relações entre as principais políticas de formação de professores e a precarização das condições de trabalho docente no ensino médio brasileiro, considerando o contexto de reestruturação produtiva instaurado mais fortemente no Brasil a partir da década de 1990. A construção deste texto é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental na qual buscamos entender quais são as principais determinações postas à formação de professores desde a aprovação da atual Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB – Lei nº 9.394/1996). As discussões realizadas mostram que apesar dos avanços propostos pela legislação vigente, ainda há de forma contundente a necessidade de investir esforços na concretização de políticas que integrem formação, carreira, remuneração e condições dignas de trabalho. Além disso, registra-se a permanência de diferentes tipos de organização da formação docente, assim como uma diversidade de instituições que tem contribuído para a precarização do trabalho docente. Contraditoriamente, o professor também pode se constituir em um novo tipo de trabalhador intelectualizado, potencializando a possibilidade de o professor formar-se na perspectiva contrahegemônica, dominando além dos conhecimentos exigidos pelo capital, aqueles que lhe permitam ter uma compreensão crítica do mundo e das relações sociais e de produção sob a égide do capital.Palavras-chave: Formação de professores. Condições de trabalho. Ensino médio.FORMATION POLICIES OF TEACHERS AND TEACHING IN BRAZILIAN HIGH SCHOOLAbstract: The text discusses the relations between the main policies of teacher formation and the precariousness of the conditions of teaching work in the Brazilian high school, considering the context of productive restructuring established most strongly in Brazil from the 1990s. The construction of this text is the result of a bibliographical and documentary research in which we try to understand what are the main determinations put to the teachers formation since the approval of the current Law of Directives and Bases of National Education (LDB - Law nº 9.394/1996). The discussions performed show that despite the advances proposed by current legislation, there is still a need to invest in the implementation of policies that integrate formation, career, remuneration and decent working conditions. In addition, we record the permanence of different types of teacher training organization, as well as a diversity of institutions that have contributed to the precariousness of teaching work. In contrast, the teacher can also become in a new type of intellectualized worker, potentializing the possibility of the teacher forming himself against the hegemonic perspective, dominating beyond the knowledge required by capital, those that allow him to have a critical understanding of the world and the social relations and production under the aegis of capital.Keywords: Teacher formation. Work conditions. High school.POLÍTICAS DE FORMACIÓN DE PROFESORES Y DOCENCIA EN LA  ENSEÑANZA MEDIA BRASILEÑA Resumen: El texto examina las relaciones entre las principales políticas de formación de profesores y la precarización de las condiciones de trabajo docente en la enseñanza media brasileña, basándose en el contexto de reestructuración productiva establecido de forma más efectiva en Brasil a partir de la década de los noventa. La elaboración de este texto es fruto de una investigación bibliográfica y documental en la que buscamos comprender cuáles son las principales normas aplicadas a la formación de profesores desde la aprobación de la actual Ley de Directrices y Bases de la Educación Nacional (LDB – Ley nº 9.394/1996). Los planteamientos realizados señalan que pese a los avanzos propuestos por la legislación vigente, aún hay de forma contundente la necesidad de dedicarse más en la concreción de políticas que integren formación, carrera, remuneración y condiciones dignas de trabajo. Además, se nota la permanencia de diferentes tipos de organización de la formación docente, asimismo hay diversas instituciones que contribuyen con la precarización del trabajo docente. Contradictoriamente, el profesor incluso puede constituirse en un nuevo tipo de trabajador intelectualizado, potencializando la posibilidad del maestro formarse en la perspectiva contra hegemónica, dominando no solo los conocimientos exigidos por el capital, sino también los que le permitan una comprensión crítica del mundo, de las relaciones sociales y de producciónbajo el amparo del capital.Palabras clave: Formación de profesores.Condiciones de trabajo. Enseñanza media.

scholarly journals Producción artesanal en el Tawantinsuyu

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 67-94
Author(s):  
Mirosław Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Abstract Description ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

The paper describes the social and economic situation of the artisans in the Inca Empire (Tahuantisuyu). The study uses both historic linguistic and modern sources. Most of the artisan production took place within 3 different social groups: the conquered people, the peasants and the artisans from the coast. All artisans had to pay a tribute to the Inca authorities. Zasada's article also describes the different types of artisan and craft production. English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski  

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