Genus versus Sexus: Professional Titles, Working Titles and Surnames for Women in Contemporary Standard Polish

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Robert A. Rothstein ◽  
Kenneth L. Nalibow
Keyword(s):  
Professional Titles ◽  
Contemporary Standard

What motivates Chinese physicians to provide online counseling services in Internet hospitals: online reputation or offline reputation? (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronghua Xu ◽  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Qingpeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Online Counseling ◽  
Consulting Services ◽  
Online Consultation ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Professional Titles ◽  
Online Reputation ◽  
Chinese Physicians ◽  
The City

BACKGROUND Internet hospitals, or e-hospitals, as one kind of e-health platforms in China, provided novel channels through which physicians present their medical or health-care knowledge to patients and provide online counseling services. The sustainable development of Internet hospitals and e-health platforms relied on the participation of both the patients and the physicians, especially on the provision of health consultation services by the physicians. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to explore the factors motivating Chinese physicians to provide online health counseling services from the perspectives of their online reputation and offline reputation. METHODS We collected the data of 141,030 physicians from 6,173 offline hospitals and 350 cities on WeDoctor, an Internet hospital platform authorized by the China Health and Family Planning Committee. We selected the physicians’ online consultation volume, the total amount of counseling conversations from all channels of the platform, as the investigated dependent variable, reflecting the actual online counseling behaviors of the physicians in the platform. Based on the reputation theories and prior study, we incorporated patients’ feedback as the physicians’ online reputation (i.e. patients’ comments and their satisfaction scores), and incorporated the physicians’ offline professional status as the offline reputation (i.e. professional titles and the rankings of their offline working hospitals). We also delved the moderated effects of the city levels where the physicians lived offline and the number of patients who were watching the physicians online. Eight research hypotheses were proposed. Step-wise linear regression models were used to test our hypotheses. Durbin-Watson test and robustness tests were also conducted to ensure the fitness and reliability of our models. RESULTS As a result of the regression models, we found that, 1) physicians’ online reputation, including the number of comments written by the patients (beta=0.588, P<0.001), the satisfaction scores (beta=0.034, P<0.01), significantly and positively influence physicians’ online counseling behaviors; 2) Physicians’ offline reputation, including their professional titles (beta=-0.084, P<0.001) and the hospital rankings (beta=-0.163, P<0.001), significantly and negatively influence physicians’ online counseling behaviors; 3) the city levels where the physicians lived strengthen the negative effect between their offline hospital rankings and their online consulting services (beta=-0.177, P<0.001), indicating that physicians of higher offline reputation spend less time on online counseling, possibly due to the relative heavier offline workload; 4) the number of watching patients weakens the positive effect between patients’ comments and physicians’ online consulting services (beta=-0.216, P<0.001), indicating that the watching patients may switch the channels from online consultation to offline hospital visits after using the Internet hospitals. CONCLUSIONS This study contributed to the literature on physicians online counseling behaviors in Internet hospitals by verifying the contrasting effects of the online reputation and the offline reputation. It then contributed to the motivation theory by separating the online reputation from the offline reputation when the acting entities have constraints of limited time and effort. This study can also provide practical insights for the hospital managers to better arrange for the online counseling services and for the policy makers to consider the patients’ online feedback into the overall evaluation of the physicians’ reputation.

Imperatives and commands in Japanese

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerida Jarkey
Keyword(s):  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
Contemporary Standard

This chapter examines the forms and usage of imperatives and command strategies in contemporary standard Japanese. Although commands are highly face-threatening acts in any language, speakers of Japanese encounter particular challenges in using them in socially acceptable ways. Commands are generally only given to those considered ‘below’ the speaker in the social hierarchy, and are normally considered appropriate only when used toward ‘in-group’ members. Further restrictions relate to the identity the speaker wishes to convey. Numerous command strategies have emerged to avoid using the most direct imperative forms, and some of these strategies have gradually come to be reinterpreted as imperative forms themselves, suggesting a loss of their original euphemistic qualities. Furthermore, when issuing commands, speakers often go to considerable lengths to soften the face threat, for example by giving reasons for the command, adding markers of hesitancy, or softening illocutionary particles, and using appropriate honorific language forms.

scholarly journals ‘Unfettered Freedom’ Revisited: Hungarian Historical Journals between 1989 and 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-438
Author(s):  
Andrea Pető ◽  
Ildikó Barna
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Hungarian Academy ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
University History ◽  
Professional Titles

In his 1992 article, ‘Today, Freedom is Unfettered in Hungary,’ Columbia University history professor István Deák argued that after 1989 Hungarian historical research enjoyed ‘unfettered freedom. Deák gleefully listed the growing English literature on Hungarian history and hailed the ‘step-by step dismantling of the Marxist-Leninist edifice in historiography’ that he associated with the Institute of History at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) under the leadership of György Ránki (1930–88). In this article he argued that the dismantling of communist historiography had started well before 1989. Besides celebrating the establishment of the popular science-oriented historical journal, History (História) (founded in 1979) and new institutions such as the Európa Intézet – Europa Institute (founded in 1990) or the Central European University (CEU) (founded in 1991) as turning points in Hungarian historical research, Deák listed the emergence of the question of minorities and Transylvania; anti-Semitism and the Holocaust; as well as the 1956 revolution. It is very true that these topics were addressed by prominent members of the Hungarian democratic opposition who were publishing in samizdat publications: among them János M. Rainer, the director of the 1956 Institute after 1989, who wrote about 1956. This list of research topics implies that other topics than these listed before had been free to research and were not at all political. This logic interiorised and duplicated the logic of communist science policy and refused to acknowledge other ideological interventions, including his own, while also insisting on the ‘objectivity’ of science. Lastly, Deák concluded that ‘there exists a small possibility that the past may be rewritten again, in an ultra-conservative and xenophobic vein. This is, however, only a speculation.’ Twenty years later Ignác Romsics, the doyen of Hungarian historiography, re-stated Deák's claim, arguing that there are no more ideological barriers for historical research. However, in his 2011 article Romsics strictly separated professional historical research as such from ‘dilettantish or propaganda-oriented interpretations of the past, which leave aside professional criteria and feed susceptible readers – and there are always many – with fraudulent and self-deceiving myths’. He thereby hinted at a new threat to the historical profession posed by new and ideologically driven forces. The question of where these ‘dilettantish or propaganda-oriented’ historians are coming from has not been asked as it would pose a painful question about personal and institutional continuity. Those historians who have become the poster boys of the illiberal memory politics had not only been members of the communist party, they also received all necessary professional titles and degrees within the professional community of historians.

scholarly journals Analysis of Network Structure and Doctor Behaviors in E-Health Communities from a Social-Capital Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Xu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Health Community ◽  
Professional Titles ◽  
Health Communities ◽  
Social Capital Perspective ◽  
Doctor Communication

In tandem with internet development and widespread social media use, e-health communities have begun to emerge in recent years. These communities allow doctors to access forums anywhere, anytime, seek or exchange medical information online, find literature, and so on. This is convenient and can solve some problems for doctors while also promoting doctor communication. This study collected and collated 102 doctors in the “Lilac Forum” and used social network tools to quantify the overall network density, centrality, core–periphery structure, and structural hole indicators of doctors’ information exchange from a social-capital perspective. The results showed that the frequency of interaction between doctors differed because of differences in the identities and participation of doctors in the e-health community. The density of the doctors’ information dissemination network (0.228) and network cohesion (0.610) were relatively high. Thus, the doctors were more closely connected, and information was easily spread. At the same time, doctors with higher professional titles had obvious location characteristics, familiarity and trust, and high levels of reciprocity. They could obtain redundant information in the network and were more likely to influence the behavior of other doctors. This study’s findings provide support for improving information exchange among doctors in e-health communities and improving the service levels of the platforms.

scholarly journals ‘Knowing How’ in Slovene: Treading the Other Path

Slovene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Sonnenhauser
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peculiar Feature ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Know How ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Contemporary Standard

For the linguistic expression of the concept of knowledge, the Slavic languages use verbs deriving from the Indo-European roots *ĝnō and *ṷei̭d. They differ in terms of the availability of both types of verbs in the contemporary standard languages and in terms of their semantic range. As will be shown in this paper, these differences are interesting not only from a language-specific lexicological point of view, but also in the context of the intersection of lexicon and grammar. Covering the domain of ‘knowing how,’ the *ĝnō-based verb in Slovene (znati) has been extending into the domain of possibility and, on this basis, developing into a modal verb. While this development is not surprising from a typological point of view, it is remarkable from a Slavic perspective, since this particular grammaticalisation path towards possibility is otherwise unknown to Slavic. This peculiar feature of Slovene, which most probably relates to its long-lasting and intensive contact with German, is illustrated in the present paper by comparing Slovene to Russian on the basis of three main questions: 1) the semantic range of vedeti / vedatʹ and znati / znatʹ, 2) the lexicalisation of ‘know how,’ and 3) the relation between knowledge, ability, and possibility. The focus is on contemporary Slovene and Russian, leaving a detailed diachronic investigation and the further embedding into a larger Slavic and areal perspective for future analyses.

scholarly journals Tendências do Fitness em Portugal para 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-258
Author(s):  
Susana Franco ◽  
Rita Santos Rocha ◽  
Fátima Ramalho ◽  
Vera Simões ◽  
Vieira Isabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Personal Training ◽  
Professional Titles ◽  
Professional Title ◽  
Technical Director ◽  
De Medicina

El Colegio Americano de Medicina Deportiva (ACSM) publica anualmente un estudio que identifica las tendencias mundiales de fitness para el próximo año. El presente estudio reproduce la metodología del estudio de las tendencias del ACSM y pretende caracterizar las tendencias del fitness en Portugal para 2021 según profesionales y estudiantes bien como de practicantes del sector, comparando los resultados con estudios a nivel mundial, europeo y español. Además de la caracterización, se compararon las tendencias entre practicantes y profesionales/estudiantes, y en esta entre géneros, si ejercer o no funciones como profesional y tener el título de Técnico en Ejercicio Físico (TEF), Director Técnico (DT) o no tener título. En este estudio participaron 300 profesionales/estudiantes y 85 practicantes, qué respondieron a un cuestionario online diseñado para tal fin. Los resultados de los profesionales/estudiantes mostraron que las principales tendencias se refieren a licencias (títulos) para profesionales de fitness, empleo de profesionales de fitness certificados, entrenamiento personal, ejercicio para bajar de peso y estilo de vida saludable y cambio de comportamiento. Portugal tiende a estar más en línea con las tendencias europeas que con las mundiales. En la comparación entre profesionales y practicantes hay diferencias en 4 de 42 tendencias. En cuanto al género, se identificaron diferencias significativas en 20 de las 42 tendencias. Comparando los profesionales que realizaban funciones con los que no, se encontraron diferencias en 7 de las 42 tendencias, mientras que entre los títulos profesionales de TEF, DT o sin título profesional se encontraron diferencias en 9 de las 42 tendencias. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) annually publishes a study that identifies worldwide fitness trends for the next year. The present study reproduced the methodology of the study of ACSM trends and intends to characterize the fitness trends in Portugal for 2021 according to professionals/students and clients in the sector, comparing the results with studies at a worldwide, European and Spanish level. In addition to the characterization, the trends between clients and professionals/students were compared, and in this between genders, whether or not to perform functions as a professional and hold the title of Physical Exercise Technician (TEF), Technical Director (DT) or not have title. 300 professionals/students and 85 clients answered an online questionnaire built for this purpose. The results of the professionals/students showed that the main trends concern licenses (titles) for fitness professionals, employ certified fitness professionals, personal training, exercise for weight loss and healthy lifestyle and behaviour change. Portugal tends to be more in line with European trends than worldwide ones. In the comparison between professionals and clients there are differences in 4 out of 42 trends. Regarding gender, significant differences were identified in 20 of the 42 trends. Comparing the professionals who performed functions with those who did not, differences were found in 7 of the 42 trends, while among the professional titles of TEF, DT or without professional title, differences were found in 9 of the 42 trends. O American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) publica anualmente um estudo que identifica as tendências mundiais do fitness para o ano seguinte. O presente estudo reproduziu a metodologia do estudo das tendências do ACSM e pretende caracterizar as tendências do fitness em Portugal para 2021 segundo os profissionais e estudantes do setor bem como os dos praticantes, confrontando os resultados com os estudos a nível mundial, europeu e espanhol. Para além da caracterização, foram comparadas as tendências entre os praticantes e os profissionais/estudantes, e nestes entre géneros, exercer ou não funções enquanto profissional e possuir o título de Técnico de Exercício Físico (TEF), Diretor Técnico (DT) ou não possuir título. Participaram neste estudo 300 profissionais/estudantes e 85 praticantes, que responderam a um questionário online construído para o efeito. Os resultados dos profissionais/estudantes demonstraram que as principais tendências dizem respeito a licenças (títulos) para profissionais de fitness, empregar profissionais de fitness certificados, treino personalizado, exercício para perda de peso e estilo de vida saudável e mudança comportamental. Portugal tende a ir mais ao encontro das tendências europeias, do que das mundiais. Na comparação entre os profissionais/estudantes e os praticantes existem diferenças em 4 das 42 tendências. Em relação ao género foram identificadas diferenças significativas em 20 das 42 tendências. Comparando os profissionais que exerciam funções com os que não exerciam, foram encontradas diferenças em 7 das 42 tendências, enquanto entre os títulos profissionais de TEF, DT ou sem título profissional foram encontradas diferenças em 9 das 42 tendências.

scholarly journals Chapter 4. Morphology: Nouns

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
Contemporary Standard ◽  
Russian Section

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Learning Contemporary Standard Russian, you have struggled with all the exceptions from the rules. Where do the exceptional inflections of words such as время ‘time’, телёнок ‘calf’ and дочь ‘daughter’ come from? Why is путь the only masculine noun in declension III? Why do some masculines such as рог ‘antler’ and глаз ‘eye’ have ‑a, and not ‑ы in the nominative plural? And where do exceptional plural forms such as небеса and чудеса from небо ‘heaven’ and чудо ‘wonder’ come from? This chapter offers answers to these and many other questions. We start from what you are already familiar with, namely nouns in Contemporary Standard Russian (section 4.1), and then turn to changes concerning declension classes (4.2 and 4.3), number and case (4.4), hard and soft stems (4.5), gender (4.6), and animacy (4.7). You find a brief summary in section 4.8.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p>Click on the links below to learn more!</p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3494/148">4.3 Declensions - from six to three</a></p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document